Table 6. Effect of the UBL intervention on IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms, household task division and decision-making, and HIV outcomes among men: ITT analysis.
| Summary Statistics | Intervention Effect | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Couples' UBL | Women's UBL | Men's UBL | Couples' UBL | Women’s UBL | Men's UBL | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | OR | AOR* | OR | AOR* | OR | AOR* | |
| Secondary HIV outcomes | ||||||||||
| Comprehensive knowledge on HIV | 209/701 (29.8) | 213/631 (33.8) | 224/640 (35.0) | 207/620 (33.4) | 1.22 (0.82–1.80), p = 0.327 | 1.22 (0.83–1.79), p = 0.315 | 1.28 (0.82–1.97), p = 0.274 | 1.28 (0.85–1.94), p = 0.238 | 1.17 (0.82–1.67), p = 0.383 | 1.19 (0.86–1.66), p = 0.291 |
| Condom use at last intercourse | 17/697 (2.4) | 29/629 (4.6) | 19/636 (3.0) | 9/617 (1.5) | 1.92 (0.97–3.80), p = 0.061 | 1.80 (0.93–3.50), p = 0.082 | 1.22 (0.62–2.41), p = 0.565 | 1.20 (0.61–2.35), p = 0.600 | 0.59 (0.24–1.41), p = 0.231 | 0.60 (0.25–1.45), p = 0.253 |
| Knowledge, attitudes, household decision-making, and task-sharing outcomes | ||||||||||
| IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms† | ||||||||||
| Knowledge of IPV laws | 409/701 (58.4) | 391/631 (62.0) | 403/640 (63.0) | 402/620 (64.8) | 1.17 (0.90–1.53), p = 0.250 | 1.15 (0.87–1.51), p = 0.336 | 1.22 (0.99–1.52), p = 0.064 | 1.21 (0.96–1.52), p = 0.099 | 1.32 (1.08–1.63), p = 0.007 | 1.36 (1.10–1.68), p = 0.005 |
| Support for gender-equitable norms | 304/701 (43.4) | 333/631 (52.8) | 290/640 (45.3) | 314/620 (50.7) | 1.49 (1.08–2.05), p = 0.015 | 1.47 (1.06–2.03), p = 0.021 | 1.10 (0.78–1.54), p = 0.589 | 1.10 (0.78–1.53), p = 0.594 | 1.36 (0.99–1.87), p = 0.060 | 1.38 (1.01–1.89), p = 0.040 |
| Do not believe IPV is justified | 373/701 (53.2) | 349/631 (55.3) | 345 (53.9) | 349 (56.3) | 1.09 (0.75–1.60), p = 0.642 | 1.09 (0.74–1.61), p = 0.658 | 1.04 (0.73–1.50), p = 0.818 | 1.04 (0.72–1.50), p = 0.853 | 1.14 (0.81–1.60), p = 0.447 | 1.14 (0.82–1.59), p = 0.443 |
| Household decision-making and division of childcare and household tasks | ||||||||||
| Male involvement (household & childcare tasks) | 135/1,463 (9.2) | 247/1,270 (19.5) | 143/1,236 (11.6) | 222/1,246 (17.8) | 2.44 (1.76–3.37), p = 0.000 | 2.52 (1.78–3.55), p < 0.001 | 1.30 (0.95–1.78), p = 0.104 | 1.29 (0.93–1.80), p = 0.137 | 2.18 (1.59–3.00), p < 0.001 | 2.37 (1.69–3.33), p < 0.001 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (food & clothing) | 743/1,456 (51.0) | 568/1,268 (44.8) | 594/1,232 (48.2) | 552/1,244 (44.4) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92), p = 0.005 | 0.73 (0.59–0.91), p = 0.006 | 0.89 (0.76–1.04), p = 0.152 | 0.92 (0.76–1.12), p = 0.404 | 0.76 (0.64–0.91), p = 0.002 | 0.70 (0.57–0.87), p = 0.001 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (large item purchases) | 951/1,455 (65.4) | 686/1,268 (54.1) | 727/1,226 (59.3) | 676/1,241 (54.5) | 0.62 (0.49–0.79), p = 0.000 | 0.61 (0.48–0.77), p = 0.000 | 0.77 (0.61–0.97), p = 0.028 | 0.76 (0.60–0.97), p = 0.027 | 0.63 (0.51–0.78), p < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.49–0.75), p < 0.001 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (spending time with family/friends) | 875/1,455 (60.1) | 618/1,264 (48.9) | 662/1,226 (54.0) | 584/1,242 (47.0) | 0.62 (0.46–0.83), p = 0.001 | 0.60 (0.45–0.81), p = 0.001 | 0.77 (0.58–1.04), p = 0.088 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02), p = 0.069 | 0.58 (0.46–0.75), p < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.45–0.72), p < 0.001 |
| HIV knowledge, attitudes, behaviors† | ||||||||||
| Confidence in ability to use a condom | 291/701 (41.5) | 408/631 (64.7) | 287/640 (44.8) | 330/620 (53.2) | 2.65 (1.95–3.62), p < 0.001 [1.57 (1.40–1.73)]‡ | 2.76 (1.98–3.84), p < 0.001 [1.60 (1.41–1.76)]‡ | 1.14 (0.85–1.53), p = 0.391 | 1.13 (0.83–1.53), p = 0.443 | 1.61 (1.17–2.22), p = 0.004 | 1.74 (1.26–2.41), p = 0.001 |
| Been tested for HIV | 539/700 (77.0) | 524/630 (83.2) | 518/640 (80.9) | 496/620 (80.0) | 1.49 (1.02–2.16), p = 0.039 | 1.48 (1.04–2.11), p = 0.028 | 1.27 (0.90–1.78), p = 0.169 | 1.27 (0.91–1.78), p = 0.158 | 1.18 (0.81–1.73), p = 0.385 | 1.27 (0.88–1.82), p = 0.197 |
| Discussed HIV risk with partner | 479/701 (68.3) | 519/631 (82.3) | 487/640 (76.1) | 475/620 (76.6) | 2.14 (1.50–3.06), p < 0.001 | 2.14 (1.50–3.07), p < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.04–2.07), p = 0.027 | 1.46 (1.03–2.07), p = 0.031 | 1.50 (1.09–2.05), p = 0.012 | 1.65 (1.23–2.23), p = 0.001 |
| Discussed sex with partner | 513/701 (73.2) | 531/631 (84.2) | 500/640 (78.1) | 512/620 (82.6) | 1.96 (1.45–2.65), p < 0.001 | 1.92 (1.42–2.60), p < 0.001 | 1.32 (0.98–1.76), p = 0.067 | 1.28 (0.95–1.72), p = 0.102 | 1.75 (1.25–2.45), p = 0.001 | 1.90 (1.33–2.72), p < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted OR; IPV, intimate partner violence; ITT, intention to treat; OR, odds ratio; UBL, Unite for a Better Life.
*Adjusted for respondent’s age, respondent’s schooling category, marriage length, polygamous household, socioeconomic status, whether completed the full or short survey at endline, and number of months between end of intervention and endline interview.
†Not assessed among spouses of baseline respondents in short endline questionnaire.
‡ORs adjusted to approximate the relative risk as per methodology of Zhang and Khai [28] when the outcome of interest is common (>10% in control group) and OR > 2.5 or OR < 0.5.