Table 1. Characteristics of the participating pregnancy and birth cohorts (n = 229,158).
| Maternal smoking | Paternal smoking | Birth outcomes | Childhood BMI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort name, number of participants, birth years (country) | No | First trimester only | Continued | No | Yes | Gestational age at birth (weeks) | Preterm birth | Birth weight (g) | Small size for gestational age at birth | Age (months) | BMI (SDS) | Overweight |
| ABCD, n = 7,324, 2003–2004 (the Netherlands) | 6,571 (89.7) | NA | 753 (10.3) | NA | NA | 40.0 (35.0–42.0) | 385 (5.3) | 3,460 (2,270–4,500) | 732 (10.1) | 68.1 (61.6–82.1) | 0.09 (−1.69 to 2.29) | 706 (16.6) |
| ALSPAC, n = 12,148, 1991–1992 (United Kingdom) | 9,581 (78.9) | NA | 2,567 (21.1) | 7,397 (63.2) | 4,301 (36.8) | 40.0 (35.0–42.0) | 650 (5.4) | 3,440 (2,240–4,420) | 1,190 (10.0) | 115.0 (88.0–119.0) | 0.24 (−1.61 to 2.66) | 1,960 (26.3) |
| BAMSE, n = 4,057, 1994–1996 (Sweden) | 3,533 (87.1) | 72 (1.8) | 452 (11.1) | 2,756 (83.1) | 560 (16.9) | 40.0 (35.0–42.0) | 212 (5.3) | 3,545 (2,334–4,550) | 396 (9.9) | 101.0 (89.0–109.0) | 0.52 (−1.20 to 2.63) | 814 (31.2) |
| BIB, n = 1,641, 2007–2010 (UK) | 1,398 (85.2) | NA | 243 (14.8) | NA | NA | 39.7 (35.3–41.9) | 83 (5.1) | 3,200 (2,180–4,280) | 163 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Co.N.ER, n = 641, 2004–2005 (Italy) | 549 (85.6) | 30 (4.7) | 62 (9.7) | 441 (68.9) | 199 (31.1) | 39.0 (36.0–41.0) | 29 (4.5) | 3,340 (2,420–4,230) | 63 (9.9) | 95.0 (86.6–111.1) | 0.69 (−1.29 to 2.92) | 102 (35.5) |
| DNBC, n = 71,710, 1996–2002 (Denmark) | 59,030 (82.3) | NA | 12,680 (17.7) | 49,534 (70.5) | 20,756 (29.5) | 40.1 (35.9–42.4) | 3,168 (4.4) | 3,600 (2,420–4,640) | 7,124 (10.0) | 85.0 (75.1–89.5) | 0.01 (−1.95 to 2.07) | 5,644 (15.5) |
| EDEN, n = 1,880, 2003–2005 (France) | 1,376 (73.2) | 148 (7.9) | 356 (18.9) | 999 (59.5) | 679 (40.5) | 39.0 (35.0–41.0) | 106 (5.6) | 3,300 (2,158–4,200) | 187 (10.0) | 67.6 (65.0–72.4) | −0.01 (−1.52 to 2.02) | 145 (12.9) |
| FCOU, n = 4,003, 1993–1996 (Ukraine) | 3,647 (91.1) | NA | 356 (8.9) | 461 (16.2) | 2,382 (83.8) | NA | NA | 3,400 (2,100–4,300) | 393 (10.2) | 84.0 (75.0–93.0) | −0.02 (−2.02 to 2.06) | 119 (12.7) |
| GASPII, n = 680, 2003–2004 (Italy) | 599 (88.1) | 23 (3.4) | 58 (8.5) | 510 (75.2) | 168 (24.8) | 40.0 (36.0–42.0) | 28 (4.1) | 3,350 (2,401–4,320) | 67 (9.9) | 104.0 (98.0–113.0) | 0.70 (−1.37 to 2.66) | 172 (37.1) |
| GENERATION R, n = 7,934, 2002–2006 (The Netherlands) | 6,190 (78.0) | 461 (5.8) | 1,283 (16.2) | 2,833 (56.5) | 2,183 (43.5) | 40.1 (35.4–42.3) | 474 (6.0) | 3,420 (2,190–4,480) | 788 (10.0) | 115.3 (69.4–119.4) | 0.35 (−1.52 to 2.67) | 1,578 (27.1) |
| GENERATION XXI, n = 7,541, 2005–2006 (Portugal) | 5,766 (76.5) | 540 (7.2) | 1,235 (16.4) | NA | NA | 39.0 (35.0–41.0) | 557 (7.4) | 3,200 (2,130–4,095) | 747 (10.0) | 85.0 (70.2–95.0) | 0.63 (−1.38 to 3.23) | 1,991 (37.9) |
| GENESIS, n = 2,261, 2003–2004 (Greece) | 1,842 (81.5) | 30 (1.3) | 389 (17.2) | NA | NA | 40.0 (34.0–40.0) | 224 (10.0) | 3,250 (2,100–4,200) | 213 (10.0) | 61.9 (60.1–71.9) | 0.93 (−1.43 to 4.11) | 39 (43.3) |
| GINIplus, n = 2,086, 1995–1998 (Germany) | 1,903 (91.2) | NA | 193 (8.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 62.9 (60.2–74.4) | 0.01 (−1.77 to 1.93) | 215 (10.3) |
| HUMIS, n = 986, 2002–2009 (Norway) | 932 (94.5) | NA | 54 (5.5) | NA | NA | 40.1 (33.2–42.9) | 86 (8.7) | 3,580 (1,822–4,703) | 98 (10.0) | 84.0 (60.0–92.0) | 0.02 (−2.03 to 2.14) | 58 (17.5) |
| INMA, n = 2,406, 1997–2008 (Spain) | 1,988 (82.6) | NA | 418 (17.4) | 1,395 (58.0) | 1,009 (42.0) | 39.9 (36.0–42.0) | 98 (4.1) | 3,250 (2,300–4,200) | 238 (10.0) | 83.6 (75.1–94.5) | 0.55 (−1.37 to 3.31) | 489 (37.7) |
| KOALA, n = 2,800, 2000–2002 (the Netherlands) | 2,594 (92.6) | NA | 206 (7.4) | NA | NA | 40.0 (36.0–42.0) | 89 (3.2) | 3,500 (2,478–4,510) | 277 (10.0) | 106.2 (61.5–119.3) | −0.17 (−2.16 to 1.77) | 199 (11.4) |
| LISAplus, n = 1,965, 1997–1999 (Germany) | 1,697 (86.4) | 87 (4.4) | 181 (9.2) | 1,557 (82.0) | 342 (18.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 62.7 (60.2–74.0) | −0.09 (−1.92 to 1.88) | 201 (10.2) |
| LUKAS, n = 441, 2002–2005 (Finland) | 371 (84.1) | 35 (7.9) | 35 (7.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3,630 (2,790–4,689) | 44 (10.0) | 73.2 (68.6–76.0) | 0.52 (−1.08 to 3.33) | 114 (31.4) |
| MoBa, n = 80,116, 1999–2009 (Norway) | 72,466 (90.5) | NA | 7,650 (9.5) | 63,071 (79.2) | 16,523 (20.8) | 40.1 (36.1–42.4) | 3,312 (4.1) | 3,620 (2,521–4,640) | 7,967 (10.0) | 85.9 (61.0–100.9) | 0.15 (−2.05 to 2.30) | 6,002 (19.5) |
| NINFEA, n = 2,259, 2005–2010 (Italy)a | 2,085 (92.3) | 29 (1.3) | 145 (6.4) | NA | NA | 39.7 (35.9–41.9) | 91 (4.0) | 3,240 (2,271–4,189) | 220 (10.0) | 86.1 (84.8–93.1) | −0.02 (−2.16 to 2.43) | 95 (21.5) |
| PÉLAGIE, n = 1,353, 2002–2005 (France) | 1,022 (75.2) | 172 (12.7) | 159 (11.8) | 597 (61.8) | 369 (38.2) | 40.0 (36.0–41.0) | 44 (3.3) | 3,400 (2,460–4,315) | 135 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Piccolipiù, n = 3,292, 2011–2015 (Italy) | 2,572 (78.1) | 374 (11.4) | 346 (10.5) | 1,496 (71.4) | 598 (28.6) | 39.0 (36.0–41.0) | 93 (2.9) | 3,340 (2,470–4,229) | 323 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| PRIDE Study, n = 1,616, 2011–2015 (the Netherlands) | 1,519 (94.0) | 39 (2.4) | 58 (3.6) | NA | NA | 39.0 (35.6–41.0) | 77 (4.9) | 3,484 (2,280–4,500) | 154 (9.9) | NA | NA | NA |
| Project Viva, n = 2,001, 1999–2002 (USA) | 1,784 (89.2) | 124 (6.2) | 93 (4.6) | NA | NA | 39.7 (34.7–41.9) | 142 (7.1) | 3,487 (2,155–4,536) | 199 (10.0) | 92.2 (82.5–116.5) | 0.42 (−1.38 to 3.04) | 315 (30.6) |
| REPRO_PL, n = 1,434, 2007–2011 (Poland) | 1,215 (84.7) | 83 (5.8) | 136 (9.5) | 866 (63.0) | 509 (37.0) | 39.0 (36.0–41.0) | 64 (4.5) | 3,350 (2,376–4,290) | 142 (10.0) | 88.0 (84.3–94.0) | 0.64 (−1.55 to 3.64) | 19 (38.8) |
| RHEA, n = 651, 2007–2008 (Greece) | 544 (83.6) | NA | 107 (16.4) | 287 (48.6) | 303 (51.4) | 38.0 (35.0–40.0) | 73 (11.3) | 3,190 (2,312–4,059) | 63 (9.9) | NA | NA | NA |
| SCOPE BASELINE, n = 1,216, 2009–2011 (Ireland) | 1,078 (88.7) | NA | 138 (11.3) | 739 (78.5) | 203 (21.5) | 40.3 (35.2–41.7) | 60 (4.9) | 3,460 (2,353–4,485) | 121 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| SWS, n = 2,716, 1998–2007 (UK) | 2,316 (85.3) | NA | 400 (14.7) | NA | NA | 40.1 (35.1–42.1) | 154 (5.7) | 3,450 (2,330–4,475) | 268 (10.0) | 80.3 (74.7–87.2) | 0.21 (−1.51 to 2.47) | 368 (22.0) |
| Total group | 196,168 (85.6) | 2,247 (1.0) | 30,743 (13.4) | 134,939 (72.5) | 51,084 (27.5) | 40.0 (35.7–42.3) | 10,299 (4.7) | 3,530 (2,390–4,580) | 22,312 (10.0) | 85.2 (61.0–117.7) | 0.13 (−1.86 to 2.43) | 21,345 (20.0) |
Values are expressed as number of participants (valid %) or medians (95% range). “First trimester only” refers to mothers who smoked during first trimester only. Childhood overweight also includes obesity and includes information at child age ≥5 to <10 years. Preterm birth is defined as birth before the gestational age of 37 weeks. Small size for gestational age is defined as the lowest 10% of sex- and gestational age–adjusted birth weight SDS per cohort.
a Subset of participants with follow-up completed at 4 years of child’s age by the time of data transfer (March 2015).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NA, not available (not collected or not provided) or not applicable (gestational age at birth [FCOU, GINIplus, LISAplus, LUKAS] and birth weight [GINIplus, LISAplus] due to study samples restricted to specific ranges of gestational age and weight at birth); SDS, standard deviation score