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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 18.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Addict. 2017 Jul 14;26(7):689–696. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12583

Table 4. Indicators of Nicotine Dependence by Country Predicting mFTQ Scores.

Predictors Thailand Spain USA Russia
Salivary Cotinine (ng/mL) 0.33*** 0.40*** - -
Age of smoking initiation - -0.16 -0.18*** -
Frequency of alcohol use last month 0.21* - 0.05 0.50**
Frequency of marijuana use last month 0.06 0.06 0.16** 0.26***
Number of cigarettes smoked yesterday 0.42*** 0.50*** 0.22** 0.49***

Note. Numbers indicate standardized β values from multiple regression models, controlling for age and gender.

***

p<0.001;

**

p<0.01;

*

p<0.05;

p<0.1