The model predictions were compared to data collected from continuous cycling exercise performed by sedentary (panels A-D) or trained human participants (panels E-H) [41] and sprint-interval cycling exercise [6] (panels I-L). The hatched vertical lines indicate the times at which exercise was initiated and ceased. Data points and error bars represent the means ± standard error. A, E, I) Time courses of phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration. The filled circles represent the measured concentration. B, F, J) Semi-logarithmic plot showing the time courses of adenine nucleotide concentrations in response to exercise. The open and grey-filled circles represent the measured ATP and AMP concentrations, respectively. C, G, K) Time courses of total and phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) levels in response to exercise. The open circles represent measured p-AMPK levels. D, H, L) Time courses of the simulated kinase activities for each AXP-p-AMPK complex. The open circles represent the mean relative change in total AMPK activities between rest and exercise.