Table 1.

Timing of cow–calf separation in dairy herds internationally from recent surveys (2005–2018)

Country	Herds (%)	Definition	Herds (No.)	Reference
Australia	68	>12 h	54	Ridge et al. (2005)
Austria	59	Not immediate	1,287	Klein-Jobstl et al. (2015)
Brazil	60	≥8 h	179	Santos et al. (2015)
Canada	77	>30 min	1,076	Winder et al. (2018)
Czech Republic	15	>12 h	136	Stanek et al. (2014)
Finland	–	0.6 d1	82	Seppa-Lassila et al. (2016)
Ireland	83	>6 h	306	Kennedy et al. (2014)
Norway	30	>30 min	125	Gulliksen et al. (2009)
United States	95	>30 min	1,262	USDA (2016)

¹Mean time of cow–calf separation.