Table 1.
Summary of studies in dairy cows investigating the effects of supplemental AA on immune function, oxidative stress, and inflammation
| Tissue/cells | Treatment | Main outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | RPM for 28 d prepartum and 60 d postpartum | Improvements in plasma biomarkers indicating reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced liver function. Increased neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst. | Batistel et al. (2018) |
| Plasma | Abomasal infusion of Glu for first 21 d postpartum | Infusions of Gln increased the abundance of CD4 T-cells on day 4 postpartum and increased the abundance of monocytes. | Doepel et al. (2006) |
| Mammary gland | RPM for 28 d prepartum and 60 d postpartum | Methionine supply upregulated expression of genes involved in antioxidant metabolism and increased activation of NFE2L2. | Han et al. (2018) |
| Plasma | Intravenous infusions of Gln for 5 d post-calving | Glutamine infusion decreased plasma haptoglobin and increased LPS-binding protein and SAA. | Jafari et al. (2006) |
| Subcutaneous adipose | RPM for 28 d prepartum and 60 d postpartum | Enhanced Met supply increased mRNA and protein abundance of enzymes related to GSH metabolism. | Liang et al. (2019a) |
| PMNL | Incubation with Met and/or choline | Supplemental Met coupled with adequate choline enhanced gene expression of pathogen recognition mechanisms. Methionine ameliorated the increased inflammation and oxidative stress observed when cells were incubated without choline. | Lopreiato et al. (2019) |
| Plasma and milk | Protected Gln for 21 d postpartum | Increased total blood protein and albumin, decreased plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and milk somatic cell count. | Nemati et al. (2018) |
| Whole blood | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Increased whole blood neutrophil phagocytosis on day 21 postpartum with supplemental Met. | Osorio et al. (2013a) |
| Liver | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Methionine supply altered flux through 1-carbon metabolism via changes in mRNA to support antioxidant and Met synthesis. | Osorio et al. (2014a) |
| Liver and plasma | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Methionine increased liver GSH and decreased concentrations of plasma biomarkers of inflammation. | Osorio et al. (2014b) |
| Plasma | RPM for 28 d during mid-lactation | Increased proliferative ability of peripheral blood T lymphocytes with supplemental Met. | Soder and Holden (1999) |
| Plasma | RPM for 21 d prepartum and postpartum | Increased antioxidant capacity of plasma and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio with Met supply. | Sun et al. (2016) |
| Whole blood | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Methionine damped the hyper-response of IL-1β during an LPS challenge through improvements in oxidative stress. | Vailati-Riboni et al. (2017) |
| Plasma | Jugular infusion of Arg and LPS in mid-lactation cows | Arginine alleviated LPS-triggered inflammation by decreasing IL-6, inducible NOS, and LPS-binding protein | Zhao et al. (2018a) |
| Serum | Jugular infusion of Arg and LPS in mid-lactation cows | Infusion of Arg promoted antioxidant mechanisms during LPS-triggered inflammation by increasing total antioxidant capacity and GSH peroxidase activity and decreasing malondialdehyde. | Zhao et al. (2018b) |
| Liver and plasma | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Increased hepatic GSH and improved plasma biomarkers of liver function and inflammation with Met. Neutrophil phagocytosis capacity and oxidative burst were also increased with Met. | Zhou et al. (2016a) |
| Liver | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Enhanced Met supply increased mRNA expression of genes associated with PC and antioxidant synthesis. | Zhou et al. (2017b) |
| PMNL | RPM for 21 d prepartum and 30 d postpartum | Decreased expression of genes related to inflammation and oxidative stress. | Zhou et al. (2018b) |