Table 2.
Level I Studies of Bone Healing With PEMF9
| Reference | Clinical application |
| Poli et al, 1985 | Congenital nonunion, intramedullary nail fixation |
| Borsalino et al36 | Femoral intertrochanteric osteotomies |
| Sharrard, 1990 | Tibial nonunion, cast |
| Mammi et al37 | Tibial osteotomies |
| Capanna et al, 1994 | Osteotomy, tumor resection, and bone graft |
| Simonis et al, 2003 | Tibial nonunion, osteotomy, and external fixator |
| Faldini et al39 | Femoral neck fractures treated with screws |
| Hannemann et al, 2012 | Acute scaphoid fractures treated with cast |
| Shi et al45 | Nonunion of long bone, nail, and plate |
PEMF = pulsed electromagnetic field