Table 7.
Participatory frameworks and summary of methods in top 30 studies.
| Study | Participatory framework | Summary of methods |
| Ahtinen 2013 [26] | Constructive design research, persuasive system design model | Interview (HSUa), thematic analysis, observation, think aloud, design activity, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSPb), co-design workshop (HSU + HSP), affinity wall, magical gadgets, content creation (HSU), iterative development, prototype, prototype evaluation |
| Antypas 2014 [27] | —c | Focus group (HSU), thematic analysis, prototype, randomized controlled trial (RCTd) |
| Bengtsson 2014 [28,29] | — | Ethics approval, HSP/expert identification of need, Focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), thematic analysis, literature search, initial mock-up, interview (HSP), iterative development process |
| Buccieri 2015 [30] | Spiral technology action research model, youth centered participatory action study | Advisory group (HSU), literature search, focus group (HSU), design workshop (HSU), design activity-sketching idea, content creation (HSU), prototype, prototype evaluation, promotional campaign |
| Clayman 2008 [31] | — | HSP/expert identification of needs, interview (HSU)—longitudinal series, thematic analysis, initial mock-up, iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, questionnaire (HSU) |
| Cordova 2015 [32] | Agile software development, community-based participatory research, ecodevelopmental framework | Advisory group, focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), thematic analysis, initial mock-up, iterative development process, prototype |
| Dabbs 2009 [33] | User Centered Design | Literature search, survey (HSU), interview (HSU), observation, design workshop (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, screen capture, usability testing, testing final version, usability questionnaire, RCT |
| Das 2013 [34] | Human centered design, iterative participatory design, collaborative analysis of requirements and design | Ethics approval, HSP/expert identification of needs, interview (HSP), observation, thematic analysis, design workshop (HSU), design workshop (HSP), workshop evaluation, design activity—sketching ideas, interview (HSU), co-design workshop (HSU + HSP), iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, think aloud, screen capture, usability testing, questionnaire (HSU), usability questionnaire, implementation at location used for case study |
| Davies 2015 [35,36] | Participatory action research framework | Ethics approval, interview (HSU), thematic analysis, focus group (HSU), initial mock-up (storyboard), iterative development process, prototype, translation back and forth, launch event, evaluation questionnaire |
| Fennell 2016 [39,44] | Participatory action research framework | Ethics approval, literature search, review other resources, survey (HSU), interview (HSU), thematic analysis, advisory group (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, questionnaire (HSU), promotional campaign, launch event, usage statistics collected (google analytics), feedback form /Web survey /follow up survey |
| Fonda 2010 [40,41] | User Centered Design | Focus group (HSU), thematic analysis, focus group (HSP), iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, prototype demonstration |
| Goldenberg 2015 [42,43] | — | Ethics approval, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), interview (HSP), thematic analysis, prototype, prototype evaluation |
| Heckman 2015 [45] | — | Survey (HSU), interview (HSU), think aloud, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), iterative development process, content development (HSP), prototype, prototype evaluation, readability/health literacy evaluation by experts, cognitive interviewing (HSU), acceptability testing, usability testing, questionnaire (HSU), thematic analysis, pilot testing, RCT |
| Kelders 2013 [46] | CeHRes Roadmap, Human Centered Design | Literature search, focus group (HSP), interview (HSU), thematic analysis, rapid prototyping, initial mock up, iterative development process, prototype, think aloud, usability testing, cognitive walkthrough |
| Lubberding 2016 [37,38,47] | — | Ethics approval, interviews (HSU), interviews (HSP), thematic analysis, content creation (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, prototype demonstration, think aloud, usability testing, cognitive walkthrough, implementation plan, feasibility study |
| Meyer 2007 [48] | Action Research Framework, Action Research Spiral | Ethics approval, advisory group, interview (HSU), survey (HSU), focus group (HSP), content creation (HSU), initial mock up, prototype, questionnaire (HSU), launch event, usage statistics collected, feedback form/Web survey/follow up survey |
| Miller 2015 [49] | Iterative Design | Literature search, review other resources, HSP/expert identification of needs, focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), initial mock up, content creation (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, observation, think aloud, readability/health literacy evaluation by experts, usability testing, thematic analysis, RCT |
| Morrison 2015 [50] | User Centered Design, Medical Research Council Guide to Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions | Ethics approval, literature search, HSP/expert identification of needs, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), thematic analysis, initial mock-up, interview (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, think aloud, RCT |
| O’Brien 2016 [51] | Iterative Design | Ethics approval, literature search, HSP/expert identification of needs, co-design workshop (HSU + HSP), design activity, thematic analysis, content creation (HSU), iterative development process, prototype evaluation, cognitive walkthrough |
| Peute 2015 [52] | User Centered Design, Iterative Development Methodology, Website Development Model for the Healthcare Consumer | Literature search, survey (HSU), thematic analysis, co-design workshop (HSU + HSP), initial mockup, iterative development process, prototype, think aloud, screen capture, usability questionnaire, heuristic evaluation (experts) |
| Revenas 2015 [53-55] | Participatory Action Research Framework, Experience Based Design, User Centered Design | Ethics approval, survey (HSU), focus group (HSU), thematic analysis, advisory group (HSU), focus group (HSP), co-design workshop (HSU + HSP), iterative development process, prototype, observation |
| Sandlund 2015 [56] | Form-IT, Participatory and Appreciative Action and Reflection, Soft Systems Thinking | Ethics approval, focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), design workshop (HSU), design activity, iterative development process, prototype, prototype evaluation, observation, questionnaire (HSU), thematic analysis |
| Schnall 2014 [57] | Information Systems Research Framework, Iterative Design, User Centered Design | Literature search, focus group (HSU), thematic analysis, design workshop (HSU), design workshop (HSP), design activity—sketching ideas, iterative development process, prototype, usability testing, questionnaire (HSU), usability questionnaire, heuristic evaluation (experts) |
| Skjoth 2015 [58] | CeHRes Roadmap, International Patient Decision Aid Standards Collaboration | Literature search, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), interview (HSU), interview (HSP), observation, thematic analysis, prototype, prototype evaluation, design reflects clinical pathway |
| Stinson 2014 [59] | User Centered Design, Iterative design | Ethics approval, survey (HSU), survey (HSP), thematic analysis, focus group (HSU), focus group (HSP), interview (HSU), prototype, RCT |
| Van Bruinessen 2014 [60,61] | Intervention Mapping Framework, User Centered Design, Context Mapping Framework, Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility | Ethics approval, advisory group (HSU), survey (HSU), focus group (HSU), design activity, thematic analysis, iterative development process, think aloud, heuristic evaluation (experts), implementation plan, RCT |
| Widman 2016 [62] | — | Interview (HSU), thematic analysis, literature search, review of other resources, advisory group (HSU), focus group (HSU), content creation (HSU), iterative development process, prototype, think aloud, usability testing, RCT |
| Winterling 2016 [63-66] | CeHRes Roadmap | Ethics approval, advisory group, focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), thematic analysis, iterative development process, prototype, RCT |
| Ennis 2014 [67,69] | — | Ethics approval, advisory group (HSU), survey (HSU), focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), thematic analysis, prototype, prototype evaluation, feasibility study, HSU as cofacilitators |
| Fleisher 2014 [68] | International Patient Decision Aid Standards Collaboration | Survey (HSU), focus group (HSU), interview (HSU), design activity, content creation (HSU), prototype evaluation, observation, RCT, feedback form/Web survey/follow-up survey |
aHSU: health service users.
bHSP: health service providers.
cNo information.
dRCT: randomized controlled trial.