Table 2.
Studies examining associations between population mean and prevalence of problem gambling/pathological gambling: Cross-sectional design
| First author, year | Country, period | No of samples/ units of analysis | Measure population mean gambling | Measure problem gambling/ pathological gambling | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Govoni, (2000) | Canada, 1993–1998 | 35 subsamples | Expenditures | PaG SOGS 5+ | r = 0.91 (R2 = 0.83) |
| Expenditures | PrG SOGS 3–4 | r = 0.81 (R2 = 0.65) | |||
| Exp. as % of income | PaG SOGS 5+ | r = 0.82 (R2 = 0.68) | |||
| Exp. as % of income | PrG SOGS 3–4 | r = 0.84 (R2 = 0.71) | |||
| Welte, (2002) | USA, 1999–2000 | 7 regions | Gambling frequency, gambling losses | PrG DIS 3+ | No apparent correlation, not quantified |
| Abbott, (2006) | Australia, New Zealand, | 9 samples | EGM expenditures | PaG SOGS 5+ | Positive correlation, not quantified |
| Hansen, (2008) | Norway, 2002 | 73 schools | Gambling frequency | LieBet 1+ | r = 0.52 |
| Gambling frequency | DSM 3+ | r = 0.47 | |||
| EGM expenditures | LieBet 1+ | r = 0.33ns | |||
| EGM expenditures | DSM 3+ | r = 0.22 ns | |||
| Markham, (2014) | Australia, 2010 | 62 gambling venues | Gambling expenditures | PGSI 2+ | r = 0.27 |
| Markham, (2016) | Australia, 1999; Canada, 2000; Finland, 2011; Norway, 2002 | 3 subsamples (terciles across country samples) | Gambling losses | Standardised problem gambling score | Positive correlation, not quantified |
| Markham, (2017) | Australia, 1994–2014 | 41 samples | Gambling losses, as % of income | Standardised problem gambling score | Regr coeff = 1.35 |
Notes. PaG = pathological gambling; PrG = problem gambling; SOGS = South Oaks Gambling Screen; DIS = Diagnostic Interview Schedule for gambling; LieBet = Lie/Bet Questionnaire; EGM = Electronic Gaming Machine; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; PGSI = Problem Gambling Severity Index. Govoni (2000) reported the associations as R2, which have been calculated into the correlation coefficient r, for sake of comparison. Markham et al. (2017) reported only regression coefficient, which is reproduced here. All reported estimates of association, except those marked ns, were statistically significant (p < .05).