Table 3.

Clinical trial designs that can improve the efficiency and informativeness of clinical trials of pain treatments.

1. Interim blinded sample size re-estimation

2. Interim futility analyses

3. Cross-over and multiple N-of-1 designs

4. Designs that might have greater assay sensitivity (eg, EERW, SPCD, and TED)

5. Adaptive designs

6. Master protocols, including, basket, umbrella, and platform designs

EERW, enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal; SPCD, sequential parallel comparison design; TED, two-way enriched design.