Table II.

Opportunities for antibiotic stewardship on farms.

Role	Opportunities
Federal and state government	Collect annual data surveillance data on antibiotic resistance in humans, animals, retail meat, and environment samples Require farms to report antibiotic use by indication, drug class, dose, and duration Mandate comprehensive veterinary oversight and accountability for all antibiotic use on farms Set clear, time-defined targets for reductions in antibiotic use Subsidize non-antibiotic interventions for disease prevention on farms
Farmers	Limit durations of antibiotic use for specific indications with clearly defined exceptions Eliminate routine use of antibiotics for disease prevention Utilize non-antibiotic prevention strategies
Restaurants/grocers	Commit to sourcing meat raised without antibiotics Support clear antibiotic labelling standards from suppliers
Medical and veterinary professions	Educate patients about antibiotic resistance Collect and benchmark antibiotic prescriptions by veterinarians and physicians Establish certification standards for antibiotic stewardship Lobby hospitals and health care institutions to source meat raised without antibiotics Collaborate with advocacy groups to promote One Health stewardship
Advocacy groups	Lobby decision makers for local, state, and federal legislation supporting stewardship Benchmark antibiotic use purchased by restaurants chains and suppliers Conduct public education campaigns
Consumers	Support local restaurants and restaurants who commit to stewardship Lobby representatives to pass legislation supporting stewardship Encourage government institutions (eg schools) to source meat raised without antibiotics