Table 1.
Impact of Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics on Mortality and Clinical Event Rate
| Outcome |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death (n = 23) | p Value | Intubation (n = 14) | p Value | Combined (n = 30) | p Value | |
| Age | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 0.001 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.70 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.001 |
| Male | 1.02 (0.36–3.20) | 0.90 | 1.40 (0.46–5.00) | 0.60 | 1.06 (0.47–2.60) | 0.90 |
| Modified Early Warning Score | 1.30 (1.17–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.16–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.26–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Temperature | 1.18 (0.65–2.04) | 0.50 | 1.89 (1.03–3.30) | 0.04 | 1.80 (1.18–2.70) | 0.005 |
| O2 saturation | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.60 | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 0.02 | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.40 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.20 | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) | 0.90 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.20 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.70 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.90 |
| C-reactive protein | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.10 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.002 |
| D-dimers | 1.07 (0.91–1.18) | 0.30 | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) | 0.005 | 1.12 (0.99–1.22) | 0.06 |
| Troponin I | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.80 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.20 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide | 1.00 (1.00–1.02) | 0.02 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.08 |
| LV assessment | ||||||
| Ejection fraction | 0.93 (0.86–1.04) | 0.20 | 1.00 (0.89–1.18) | 0.90 | 0.96 (0.90–1.06) | 0.40 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.20 | 0.98 (0.95–1.03) | 0.50 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.20 |
| LV end-systolic diameter | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.40 | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) | 0.80 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.30 |
| E/A | 0.28 (0.02–2.00) | 0.20 | 0.02 (0.001–0.30) | 0.004 | 0.44 (0.10–1.60) | 0.20 |
| E/e′ average | 1.04 (0.96–1.10) | 0.20 | 0.94 (0.78–1.05) | 0.40 | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | 0.10 |
| Peak LV global longitudinal strain | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.01 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.10 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.001 |
| End-systolic LV global longitudinal strain | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.10 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.001 |
| Peak LV free wall longitudinal strain | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.007 |
| End-systolic LV free wall longitudinal strain | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.08 | 0.83 (0.74–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.005 |
| Peak LV septal wall longitudinal strain | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.10 | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.40 | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 0.003 |
| RV assessment | ||||||
| Right atrial pressure | 1.03 (0.87–1.16) | 0.60 | 1.06 (0.88–1.20) | 0.50 | 1.03 (0.91–1.13) | 0.50 |
| RV end-diastolic area | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.70 | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 0.50 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.60 |
| RV end-systolic area | 1.05 (0.90–1.19) | 0.50 | 1.10 (0.94–1.20) | 0.20 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.60 |
| RV fractional area change | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.30 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.30 | 0.96 (0.92–1.02) | 0.20 |
| Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion | 0.17 (0.07–0.45) | 0.005 | 0.45 (0.15–1.44) | 0.20 | 0.32 (0.15–0.73) | 0.008 |
| RV S' | 0.82 (0.72–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.86 (0.74–1.04) | 0.10 | 0.81 (0.71–0.93) | 0.003 |
| Tei index | 6.10 (1.19–24.00) | 0.03 | 0.93 (0.04–7.20) | 0.90 | 4.00 (1.08–12.2) | 0.04 |
| Peak RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0.10 | 0.85 (0.71–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.008 |
| End-systolic RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain | 0.88 (0.74–1.02) | 0.09 | 0.86 (0.72–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.85 (0.74–0.95) | 0.007 |
| Peak RV free wall longitudinal strain | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.10 | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 0.06 | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 0.0006 |
| End-systolic RV free wall longitudinal strain | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.85 (0.71–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.008 |
| Peak RV septal wall longitudinal strain | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.40 | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.10 |
| End-systolic RV septal wall longitudinal strain | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.40 | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.10 | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.10 |
| Peak RV apical septal segment longitudinal strain | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.30 | 0.95 (0.84–1.09) | 0.50 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.40 |
| Peak RV mid septal segment longitudinal strain | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.97 (0.85–1.09) | 0.60 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Peak RV basal septal segment longitudinal strain | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.60 | 0.90 (0.83–1.02) | 0.10 | 0.96 (0.90–1.030 | 0.30 |
| Peak RV apical free wall segment longitudinal strain | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.50 | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.01 | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.09 |
| Peak RV mid free wall segment longitudinal strain | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.30 | 0.95 (0.84–1.09) | 0.50 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.40 |
| Peak RV basal free wall segment longitudinal strain | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.50 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.10 | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.30 |
Values are hazard ratio (95% confidence interval).
E/A = E wave velocity divided by A wave velocity; E/e′ = E wave velocity divided by E prime velocity; LV = left ventricular; RV = right ventricular.