Table 2.
Association between the Likelihood of Frailty in Univariate Analysis.
| Covariates | Non-Frailty Group 242 subjects (77.3%)* |
Frailty Group 71 subjects (22.7%)* |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient profile | |||
| Age (years) | 74.4 (±5.7)** | 80.0 (±5.0)** | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 113 (46.7)* | 21 (29.6)* | |
| Female | 129 (53.3)* | 50 (70.4)* | 0.010 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (±3.6)** | 22.0 (±3.3)** | 0.050 |
| Helicobacter pylori infection status | |||
| Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| negative | 125 (51.6)* | 43 (60.6)* | |
| positive | 52 (21.5)* | 17 (23.9)* | 0.661 |
| successful eradication | 65 (26.9)* | 11 (15.5)* | 0.049 |
| Internal medicine therapeutic agents | |||
| Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) | |||
| non-user | 164 (67.8)* | 31 (43.7)* | |
| user | 78 (32.2)* | 40 (56.3)* | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | |||
| non-user | 222 (91.7)* | 62 (87.3)* | |
| user | 20 (8.3)* | 9 (12.7)* | 0.260 |
| Laxative/Prokinetics | |||
| non-user | 196 (81.0)* | 47 (66.2)* | |
| user | 46 (19.0)* | 24 (33.8)* | 0.008 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Sarcopenia | |||
| no | 211 (87.2)* | 30 (42.3)* | |
| yes | 31 (12.8)* | 41 (57.7)* | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | |||
| no | 163 (67.4)* | 25 (35.2)* | |
| yes | 79 (32.6)* | 46 (64.8)* | <0.001 |
| Nutritional status | |||
| Zinc (µg/dL) | 74.3 (±11.9)** | 69.6 (±9.6)** | 0.002 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 (±0.3)** | 4.0(±0.4)** | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (±34)** | 199 (±41)** | 0.272 |
| Lymphocyte (counts/µL) | 1,898 (±610)** | 1,662 (±584)** | 0.004 |
| CONUT score | 0.7 (±1.0)** | 1.3 (±1.4)** | <0.001 |
| Upper GI Findings | |||
| Reflux esophagitis (RE) | |||
| no | 222 (91.3)* | 67 (94.4)* | |
| yes | 21 (8.7)* | 4 (5.6)* | 0.405 |
| Hiatal hernia (HH) | |||
| no | 121 (50.0)* | 27 (38.0)* | |
| yes | 121 (50.0)* | 44 (62.0)* | 0.076 |
| Endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy score (EGAS) | 2.5 (±2.0)** | 2.9 (±2.1)** | 0.164 |
| Questionnaire | |||
| FSSG | 4.3 (±5.0)** | 6.7 (±7.0)** | 0.001 |
| CSS | 3.4 (±3.4)** | 6.2 (±5.6)** | <0.001 |
| BSFS | 4.0 (±1.0)** | 4.0 (±1.3)** | 0.903 |
* Number (%), ** Median (±SD). FSSG: Frequency Scale for Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, CSS: Constipation Scoring System, BSFS: Bristol Stool Form Scale