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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Matrix Biol. 2020 May 11;91-92:167–175. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.001

Figure 2: T-cells regulate fibrosis through direct and indirect mechanisms.

Figure 2:

CD4+ T-cells produce multiple factors that influence macrophage (M1 versus M2) polarization which in turn influence fibroblast activity and fibrotic deposition of collagen. T-reg cells influence fibroblast activity through direct cellular interaction in tissues. CD8+ cells are critical at early and late times after ischemic injury. T-cell activity with known age-dependent changes in activity are shown in purple. IL- interleukin; TGFβ- tissue growth factor β.