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. 2020 Aug 18;10:13944. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70669-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Urinary LAM discriminates TB positive from TB negative patients with high accuracy. (A) In a geographically diverse cohort (N = 430), urinary LAM concentration discriminates between cases and controls (Kruskal Wallis p = 8E−37, p = 5E−27, p = 6E−34, for MoAb1, CS35, A194 respectively). (B) Urinary LAM levels are higher in HIV+/TB+ patients than in HIV−/TB+ patients (Kruskal Wallis p = 5E−05, p = 0.002 for CS35 and A194, respectively). (C) Urinary LAM distinguishes microbiologically confirmed untreated TB positives from TB negatives with 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity, at a threshold of 80 pg/mL. (D) Urinary LAM antigenicity varies across samples. 57% of patients yield a signal for all three antibodies, whereas 95% of patients yield a signal to at least one antibody (cut-off 0.080 ng/mL).