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. 2020 Aug 18;10:13944. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70669-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Urinalysis and geographical diversity influence LAM values. (A) Abnormal urine values were noted in both controls and TB positive patients. (B) Median urinary LAM concentration varies across different geographic areas (independent sample median test p = 0.030, pairwise comparison in Supplementary Figure S4). Assuming no collection and storage bias, this might be caused by different levels of disease severity at diagnosis, since access to healthcare might be delayed to a greater degree in certain countries. (C) Urinary LAM values were lower in TB patients with glycosuria (n = 22) when measured using CS-35 (p = 0.015) and A194 (p = 0.035).