Table 5.
The mechanisms of action of herbal medicines on PCOS.
| Mechanisms | Interventions | Outcomes | Author (year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammation or immunomodulatory | <in vitro> Iridoid (genipin, geniposide, and geniposidic acid) |
1) mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and iNOS ↓ 2) Over-secretion of nitrite ↓ 3) MiR-15b expression ↓ |
Zuo et al. (2017) |
| <in vivo> Quercetin |
1) IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓ 2) Phosphorylation of IRS-1 ↑ 3) Nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 ↓ 4) mRNA expressions of p22phox, OX-LDL, and TLR-4 in ovaries ↓ 5) Protein expressions of p22phox, OX-LDL, and TLR-4 in ovaries ↓ |
Wang et al. (2017) | |
| <in vivo> Kyung-Ok-Ko |
1) Iba-1+ macrophages ↓, CD4+ T cells ↓, CD8+ T cells ↓ 2) mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-3 in uteri ↓ 3) mRNA expressions of IGF-β, TGF-β, TGF-β1, and VEGF in uteri ↑ |
Lee et al. (2016) | |
| <in vivo> Kyung-Ok-Ko |
1) CD8 (+) in lymph node ↓, CD4 (+) in lymph node (-) 2) CD8 (+) in ovary ↓ 3) mRNA expressions of CD11b and CD3 in ovaries ↓, Iba-1 immunoreactivity ↓ 4) mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, and iNOS in ovaries ↓ 5) mRNA expressions of EGF and TGF-β in ovaries ↑ |
Jang et al. (2014) | |
| <in vivo> IMOD |
1) Serum TNF-α ↓ 2) Ovarian PGE ↓ |
Rezvanfar et al. (2012) | |
| Anti-oxidative stress | <in vitro> Iridoid (genipin, geniposide, and geniposidic acid) |
1) Phosphorylation and degradation of IκB ↓ 2) NF-κB P65 ↑ 3) Nuclear entry of NF-κB P65 ↓ 4) Scavenge O2- 5) SOD activity ↓, HO-1 mRNA expression ↓, catalase activity ↑ |
Zuo et al. (2017) |
| <in vivo> IMOD |
Ovarian and serum SOD, catalase, GPx ↓ | Rezvanfar et al. (2012) | |
| Autophagy or apoptosis inhibition | <in vitro> GZYKF |
1) mRNA expression of Beclin-1 ↓ 2) mRNA expression of LC3 ↓ 3) Protein expression of Beclin-1 ↓ 4) Protein expression of LC3 (-) 5) mRNA expressions of tumor suppressor p53 and sestrin2 ↓ 6) mRNA expressions of TSC1, TSC2 and mTOR (-) 7) mRNA expression of AMPK ↑ 8) Protein expressions of mTOR, p-mTOR, tumor suppressor p53, AMPKα and sestrin ↑ |
Xing et al. (2017) |
| <in vitro, in vivo> XYS |
<in vivo> 1) Expression of β2R in the primordial and primary follicles ↓ 2) TUNEL positive cells in the antral follicles ↓ 3) Bax/Bcl-2 (-), cleaved caspase-3/GAPDH ↓ 4) Expression of LC3A in the granulosa cells of the antral and cystic follicles ↓ 5) Conversion of LC3A-I to LC3A-II ↓, conversion of LC3BI to LC3B-II ↓ 6) Phosphorylation of S6K I and Akt in ovarian tissues ↑ 7) Expression of DβH and c-fos in locus coeruleus ↓ <in vitro> 1) Expression of β2R ↓ 2) Expression of LC3 ↓ 3) Conversion of LC3A-I to LC3A-II ↓, conversion of LC3BI to LC3B-II ↓ 4) Phosphorylation of S6K I and Akt ↑ |
Sun et al. (2017) | |
| <in vivo> Kyung-Ok-Ko |
TUNEL positive cells ↓ | Lee et al. (2016) | |
| Ovarian NGF reduction | <in vivo> Korean red ginseng |
1) mRNA expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ 2) Protein expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ |
Jung et al. (2011) |
| <in vivo> Korean red ginseng |
1) mRNA expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ 2) Protein expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ |
Pak et al. (2009) | |
| <in vivo> HemoHIM |
Protein expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ | Pak et al. (2009) | |
| <in vivo> Korean red ginseng total saponins |
1) Protein expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ 2) Protein expression of NGF in pituitary and hippocampus (-) |
Pak et al. (2005) | |
| <in vivo> Changbudodam-Tang & Yongdamsagan-Tang |
1) Expression of NGF in ovaries ↓ 2) Expression of NGF in pituitary and hippocampus (-) |
Lee et al. (2003) |
Akt, protein kinase B; AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Bax, B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; CD, Cluster of differentiation; Cleaved caspase-3, Cleaved cysteinly aspartate specific proteinase-3; DβH, dopamine beta hydroxylase; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; GZYKF, Gui Zhu Yi Kun formula; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; Iba1, Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; IL, Interleukin; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IRS, Insulin receptor substrate; LC, Light chain; MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B; NGF, Nerve growth factor; OX-LDL, Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PGE, Prostaglandin E; S6K I, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide I; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; TSC, Tuberous sclerosis protein; TUNEL, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; XYS, Xiao-Yao-San; β2R, Beta 2 adrenergic receptor.