. 2022 Mar 29;25(6):522–544. doi: 10.1177/2472630320950248

Table 3.

Summary of Identified Immune Cell Subsets, Cytokines, and Gene Expression Upregulation in Comparison with Healthy Controls.^a

Authors	Phase of Infection	Sample Type Technique	Immune Cell Subset, Cytokines, and Gene Expression
Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.⁶¹	Acute	Blood ELISA	CD4⁺ T cells (IL-6 and IFNγ^) CD14 monocytes (IL-6)
Wei et al.⁶²	Acute	Blood ELISA	Monocytes (TNF and IL-1β)^
Huang et al.⁶³	Acute	Blood ELISA	Laboratory findings on cytokine levels: IL-1B, IL-1RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, basic FGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IP10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, PDGF, TNFα, and VEGF Laboratory findings on cytokine levels (in ICU patients compared with non-ICU patients): IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF, IP10, CCL2, CCL3, and TNFα
Ni et al.⁶⁷	Convalescent	Blood ELISPOT	NP-specific T cells RBD of S protein-specific T cells (IFNγ secretion increased in convalescent patients)
Shi et al.⁷⁴	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells* CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells* (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNFα) CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127– Treg cells (IL-10) CD3–CD19⁺ B cells* CD3–CD16⁺CD56⁺ NK cells^*
Qin et al.⁷¹	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells* CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells* CD45RA⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^lo naïve Treg cells* CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^lo Treg cells* CD45RO⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^lo induced Treg cells* CD3⁺CD19^– B cells* Laboratory findings on cytokine levels: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ
Thevarajan et al.⁷²	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells (granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin) CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD4⁺ T cells CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺PD1⁺ follicular T cells CD3^–CD19⁺CD27^hiCD38^hi antibody-secreting cells CD16⁺CD14⁺ monocytes*
Xu et al.¹⁰⁶	Patient deceased	Blood flow cytometry	CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD4⁺ T cells CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T_h17 cells CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells (perforin and granulysin)
Braun et al.⁷⁶	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells CD4⁺CD40L⁺CD137⁺ T cells CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD4⁺Ki-67⁺ T cells
Weiskopf et al.⁷⁵	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺ naïve T cells CD45RA^–CCR7^– effector memory T cells CD45RA⁺CCR7^– terminally differentiated effector T cells CD45RA^–CCR7⁺ central memory T cells Activated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells = CD69⁺CD137⁺ Cytometric bead assay: IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-22
Grifoni et al.⁷⁷	Convalescent	Blood flow cytometry	OX40⁺CD137⁺CD4⁺ T cells (IL-2 and IFNγ) CD69⁺CD137⁺CD8⁺ T cells (IFNγ, TNFα, and granzyme B)
Zhou et al.⁷⁸	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	CD69⁺CD38⁺CD44⁺OX40⁺CD4⁺ T cells (IL-6, GM-CSF, and IFNγ) CD69⁺CD38⁺CD44⁺CD137⁺CD8⁺ T cells (GM-CSF) PD-1⁺Tim-3⁺CD4⁺ T cells PD-1⁺Tim-3⁺CD8⁺ T cells CD16⁺CD14⁺ monocytes (IL-6 and GM-CSF)
Diao et al.⁷⁹	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	PD-1⁺Tim-3⁺CD4⁺ T cells PD-1⁺Tim-3⁺CD8⁺ T cells Laboratory findings on cytokine levels: TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10
Zheng et al.⁸⁰	Acute	Blood flow cytometry	NKG2A⁺CD8⁺ T cells (reduced secretion of CD107a, IFNγ, IL-2, and granzyme B) NKG2A⁺ NK cells (reduced secretion of CD107a, IFNγ, IL-2, granzyme B, and TNFα)
Ouyang et al.⁸¹	Acute	Blood CyTOF	CD4⁺ T cells* CD8⁺ T cells*
Leng et al.⁸³	Acute	Blood CyTOF	CXCR3⁺CD4⁺ T cells CXCR⁺CD8⁺ T cells CXCR3⁺ NK cells
Wang et al.⁸²	Acute	Blood CyTOF	CD4⁺CD8⁺ T cells Naïve CD4⁺ T cells TGFβ⁺CD28^– naïve CD4⁺ T cells Dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4⁺ T cells, and TGFβ⁺CD28^– naïve CD8⁺ T cells^ Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (TGFβ, IL-10)
Liao et al.⁸⁵	Acute	Lung BALF scRNAseq	CCR7⁺ central memory T cells ZNF683⁺CD8⁺ T cells FCN1^hi macrophages (S100A8, FCN, and CD14) FCN1^loSPP1⁺ macrophages (CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10) SPP1⁺ macrophages (A2M, GPR183, and CCL13) FABP4⁺ macrophages (FABP4, APOC1, and MARCO) Upregulated expression of IL1B, IL6, TNF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL7, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, GZMA, GZMK, and FASLG Cytometric bead assay: IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β
Wen et al.⁸⁷	Convalescent	Blood scRNAseq	CD3E⁺CD4⁺ naïve T cells (CCR7, LEF1, and TCF7) CCR7⁺CD3E⁺CD4⁺ central memory T cells (AQP3 and CD69) CD3E⁺CD4⁺ effector memory T cells (CCR6, CXCR6, CCL5, and PRDM1) FOXP3⁺CD3E⁺CD4⁺ Treg cells High expression of FOS, JUN, KLF6, S100A8, and IL1B CD8⁺ naïve T cells (CCR7, LEF1, and TCF7) CD8⁺ T_c cells (GZMB, GNLY, and PRF1) CD8⁺ effector memory T cells (GZMK)* TYMS⁺MKI67⁺CD8⁺ proliferating T cells M-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNg, and IL-1β Naïve B cells (CD19, CD20, IL4R, TCL1A, IGHD, and IGHM) Memory B cells (CD27, CD38, and IGHG) Immature B cells (CD19 and CD20) Plasma cells (XBP1 and MZB1) IL-6, LTA, and LTB IGHV3–7, IGHV3–15, IGHV3–21, IGHV3–23, and IGHV3–30 IGKV1–17, IGKV2–28, and IGKV3–15 IGLV1–44, IGLV2–8, and IGLV3–27 CD14⁺IL-1β⁺ monocytes (IL1B, JUN, FOS, JUNB, and KLF6) CD56^hiCD16^lo NK cells* CD56^loCD16^hi NK cells*

The asterisk (*) indicates lower compared with healthy controls. The caret (^) indicates lower compared with non-ICU/nonsevere patients. hi, high; lo, low.