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. 2020 Jun 16;7(16):1903140. doi: 10.1002/advs.201903140

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© 2020 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Mice lacking of cELV have arrhythmogenic heart with compensated left ventricle function. a) Measurements of heart electrical signal were performed using electrocardiograms in isolated hearts. Stress tests were performed with negative (verapamil; VA) or positive (epinephrine; Epi) chronotropic agents. Arrows indicate abnormal pacing. b) The relationship between the left ventricular pressure (LVP) and left ventricular volume (LVV) was analyzed as an index of heart function. c) Heart rate (bpm, beat per minute) and left ventricle functions were analyzed from the isolated working heart. A complete set of parameters for left ventricle function is shown in Table S3 (Supporting Information). N = 4 in each working heart analysis group. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; compared with the corresponding scrambled‐saline group.