Table 1.
(Sex-stratified) clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with or without LVDD.
| Total population | Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM without LVDD (N = 17) | DM with LVDD (N = 12) | DM without LVDD (N = 7) | DM With LVDD (N = 10) | DM without LVDD (N = 10) | DM with LVDD (N = 2) | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 10 (59%) | 2 (17%)1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Age (years) | 63.1 ± 8.7 | 66.2 ± 8.5 | 63.1 ± 6.2 | 66.2 (8.9) | 61.5 ± 10 | 68.4 ± 9.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 3.3 | 32.3 ± 7.01 | 28.9 ± 3.7 | 33.6 ± 6.9 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 27.1 ± 3.4 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 149.1 ± 15.9 | 156.7 ± 16.3 | 153.3 ± 16.3 | 156.5 ± 14.5 | 147.4 ± 19.6 | 158.1 ± 16.4 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 85.3 ± 12.8 | 87.9 ± 9.2 | 85.8 ± 5.8 | 88.0 ± 9.5 | 88.1 ± 10.9 | 93.0 ± 10.7 |
| Current or former smoker, n (%) | 11 (65%) | 8 (67%) | 4 (57%) | 6 (60%) | 55 (65%) | 27 (73%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 13 (76%) | 11 (92%) | 6 (86%) | 9 (90%) | 48 (58%) | 23 (64%) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 17 (100%) | 12 (100%) | 7 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 2 (100%) |
| eGFR < 60 ml/min | 2 (12%) | 3 (25%) | 1 (14%) | 2 (20%) | 1 (10%) | 1 (50%) |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 68.8 (63.2–79.4) | 67.6 (60.8–76) | 68.1 (64.8–79.8) | 63.8 (59.4–69.2) | 83.2 (68.3–91.9) | 95.1 (93.8–95.1) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 0.6 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.07 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Ejection fraction | 66.8 (62.9–76) | 68.4 (63.5–73.7) | 66.8 (56.7–77.6) | 68.4 (63.8–75.9) | 66 (63.4–74.2) | 66 (61.5–66.6) |
| EA ratio | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| E/E’ ratio | 8.9 (8.3–10.9) | 9.4 (8.3–11.7) | 9.6 (8.2–11.5) | 10 (8.9–12.2) | 8.8 (7.9–10.9) | 8.2 (7.6–8.2) |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 23.7 (16.7–25.4) | 25.6 (16–33.1) | 24.3 (13.5–27.0) | 24.3 (15.8–35.5) | 22.9 (16.8–24.3) | 28 (26.6–28) 1 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 70.0 ± 15.6 | 82 ± 22.0 | 67 ± 9 | 78.3 ± 20.5 | 72 ± 19 | 100.5 ± 26.8 |
| RWT | 0.38 (0.31–0.47) | 0.46 (0.41–0.48) | 0.37 (0.31–0.39) | 0.46 (0.42–0.47) 1 | 0.45 (0.30–0.52) | 0.46 (0.41–0.46) |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 16.9 (5–23.4) | 11.5 (2.5–35.9) | 24.8 (0–47.9) | 11.4 (0–34.2) | 13.4 (7.5–21.2) | 42.5 (10.2–42.5) |
| e’ septal velocity (cm/sec) | 7 (5–8.5) | 6 (5–7) | 8 (6–9) | 6.5 (5–7.3) | 6.5 (5–8.3) | 5 (4–5) |
| e’ lateral velocity (cm/sec) | 9 (7–10) | 8 (6.3–9) | 10 (9–10) | 8 (5.8–8.3) 1 | 8 (6.8–9.5) | 9.5 (9–9.5) |
EA ratio, ratio of early (e) to late (a) ventricular filling; E/E’ ratio, ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E'); LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; TPV, tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity. Parametric data is presented as mean ± SD or median ± SD. Non-parametric data is presented as median and IQR. Categorical data is presented as frequency and percentage. 1p < 0.05 versus no LVDD as determined by Independent samples t-test for all normally distributed continuous variables, Pearson chi-square test for binary variables and Independent Samples Mann Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables.