Fig. 3.

(A) Schematic of Langmuir-Blodget trough with Wilhelmy balance. 1: air/liquid interface covered by molecular film, 2: movable barriers that can proceed to expand and extrude the film, 3: pressure sensor with Wilhelmy plate. A surface pressure- molecular area (Π – A) isotherm can be obtained with the read-out of Wilhemy plate and barriers (B) Schematic of Langmuir–Blodgett technique (vertical deposition). (C) Schematic of Langmuir–Schaefer technique (horizontal deposition)