Fig. 9.

(A) Comparison of NPs retention at the Infasurf film. AFM images of pure Infasurf and Infasurf mixed with NPs at four different surface pressures (20, 30, 40, and 50 mN/m). P02A: acid-terminated poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), P103E: ester-terminated PLGA, PST: polystyrene. The hydrophobicity increases as a manner that P02A is the least hydrophobic, P103E is the medial and PST is the most hydrophobic. The resolution of AFM images at 20, 30, and 40 mN/m is 50μm*50μm and the z range is 5nm. The resolution of AFM images at 50 mN/m is 20μm*20μm, z ranges are: Infasurf, 20 nm; Infasurf + P02A, 250 nm; Infasurf + P103E, 350 nm; and Infasurf + PST, 120 nm. The image at 50 mN/m is depicted in 3D. NPs are indicated with white arrows. The presence of NPs is positively related to hydrophobicity. After the monolayer-to-multilayer transition, all three types of NPs are spotted at the surface [198]. Reprinted with permission from Valle et al. [198]. Copyright (2014) American Chemical Society. (B) Cryo-TEM images of 2:1 mixture of DPPC: DPPA with particles CeO₂ (a,b) and BaSO₄ (c,d) [97]. NPs interacted with lipid vesicles with polyhedral shapes. Onion-like multilamellar vesicle structures were present with CeO₂ while unilamellar vesicles were shown with BaSO₄. Reprinted with permission from Konduru et al. [97]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.