Table 2.
Summary of Surfactant Lipids
| Components | Structures | Properties and Functions |
|---|---|---|
| 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)(PC16:0/16:0) |  |
Remains as a condensed phase at physiological temperature [69]. Generates a near-zero surface tension [70]. |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) (PC16:0/18:1) |  |
Melting point -3˚C [71]. Makes the membrane fluid at physiological temperature [72]. |
| 1-Palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PPPC)(PC16:0/16:1) |  |
Related to surface dynamics of surfactant [73] and respiratory rate [74]. |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC16:0/14:0) |  |
Modulates macrophage that related to alveolar protection [75]. Related to respiratory rate [74] |
| 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) |  |
Reduces permeability of benzo[a]pyrene [76] |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) |  |
The most prevalent PG in human surfactant. Inhibits macrophage proinflammatory and TLR2-dependent inflammatory responses [77], has an antivirus function [78], makes the film more fluidized [79]. |
| Phosphatidylserine (PS)a | e.g. 
|
Determines the cellular and subcellular distribution of quinidine [80]. Regulates the activities of several enzymes in cell signaling [81] |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)a | e.g. 
|
Causes lateral pressure and introduces curvature stress to stabilize membrane proteins [82,83] |
| Phosphatidylinositol (PI)a | e.g. 
|
Increases the rate of alveolar fluid clearance [84]. Involved in the stabilization of surfactant monolayer [81] |
| Cholesterol |  |
Increases the fluidity of surfactant [85] |
a
Only one representative structure of each minor phospholipids PS, PE, and PI is illustrated.