Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants (N=357).
| Characteristics | Overall (N=357) | SSa (n=179) | SS+Coaching (n=178) | |||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
|
|
Sex (female), n (%) | 90 (25.2) | 43 (24.0) | 47 (26.4) | ||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 39.8 (8.7) | 40.4 (9.0) | 39.2 (8.4) | ||
|
|
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 231 (64.7) | 114 (63.7) | 117 (65.7) | |
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black | 47 (13.2) | 27 (15.1) | 20 (11.2) | |
|
|
|
Other | 79 (22.1) | 38 (21.2) | 41 (23.0) | |
|
|
Married, n (%) | 248 (69.5) | 128 (71.5) | 120 (67.4) | ||
|
|
Have children in household, n (%) | 215 (60.4) | 117 (65.7) | 98 (55.1) | ||
|
|
Education, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
High school graduate/equivalent (GEDb) or less | 23 (6.4) | 7 (3.9) | 16 (9.0) | |
|
|
|
Some college, trade/vocational, associate’s degree | 188 (52.7) | 98 (54.7) | 90 (50.6) | |
|
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 94 (26.3) | 47 (26.4) | 47 (26.3) | |
|
|
|
Postgraduate work or graduate degree | 52 (14.6) | 27 (15.1) | 25 (14.0) | |
|
|
Full-time employment, n (%) | 202 (56.6) | 97 (54.2) | 105 (59.0) | ||
|
|
Inadequate incomec, n (%) | 49 (13.7) | 27 (15.1) | 22 (12.4) | ||
| Health and comorbidities | ||||||
|
|
General healthd, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Excellent | 16 (4.5) | 16 (4.5) | 8 (4.5) | |
|
|
|
Very good | 74 (20.7) | 74 (20.7) | 36 (20.2) | |
|
|
|
Good | 150 (42.0) | 150 (42.0) | 71 (39.9) | |
|
|
|
Fair | 97 (27.2) | 97 (27.2) | 50 (28.1) | |
|
|
|
Poor | 20 (5.6) | 20 (5.6) | 13 (7.3) | |
|
|
Moderate/severe paine, n (%) | 155 (43.4) | 75 (41.9) | 80 (44.9) | ||
|
|
Diabetesf, n (%) | 27 (7.6) | 16 (8.9) | 11 (6.2) | ||
|
|
Hypertensionf, n (%) | 63 (17.6) | 31 (17.3) | 32 (18.0) | ||
|
|
Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosisf, n (%) | 191 (53.5) | 97 (54.2) | 94 (52.8) | ||
|
|
Depression scale (PHQ-8g), median (IQR) | 6.5 (3.0-12.0) | 6.0 (3.0-11.0) | 7.0 (3.0-13.0) | ||
|
|
|
Clinically significant depressionh, n (%) | 118 (34.9) | 57 (33.9) | 61 (35.9) | |
| Lifestyle and related factors | ||||||
|
|
Patient Activation Measure, mean (SD)i | 70.2 (11.9) | 70.3 (12.2) | 70.1 (11.7) | ||
|
|
AUDIT-Cj≥4 (male); AUDIT-C≥3 (female), n (%) | 95 (26.6) | 42 (23.5) | 53 (29.8) | ||
|
|
Current smokerk, n (%) | 48 (13.4) | 22 (12.3) | 26 (14.6) | ||
|
|
Weight (lbs), mean (SD) | 210.4 (44.9) | 208.5 (39.5) | 212.3 (49.8) | ||
|
|
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.1 (5.7) | 30.9 (5.3) | 31.2 (6.2) | ||
|
|
|
<25 | 38 (10.6) | 16 (8.9) | 22 (12.4) | |
|
|
|
25-29 | 115 (32.2) | 57 (31.8) | 58 (32.6) | |
|
|
|
30-34 | 110 (30.8) | 62 (34.6) | 48 (27.0) | |
|
|
|
35-39 | 70 (19.6) | 34 (19.0) | 36 (20.2) | |
|
|
|
≥40 | 24 (6.7) | 10 (5.6) | 14 (7.9) | |
| Technology use | ||||||
|
|
Comfort using the internetl, mean (SD) | 32.6 (3.8) | 32.4 (4.0) | 32.8 (3.6) | ||
|
|
Phone type: iPhonem, n (%) | 174 (48.7) | 89 (49.7) | 85 (47.8) | ||
|
|
Physical activity device usen, n (%) | 164 (45.9) | 74 (41.3) | 90 (50.6) | ||
|
|
|
Prior experience with Fitbit use, n (%) | 95 (26.6) | 44 (24.6) | 51 (28.7) | |
aSS: Stay Strong.
bGED: General Education Development.
cResponded yes to “Must cut back on things to pay bills or have difficulty paying bills at the end of the month.”
d12-Item Short-Form Health Survey [53].
ePain intensity ≥4 out of 11-point scale.
fSee [37] for specific diagnosis codes used for defining this category.
gPHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale.
hPHQ-8≥10 [54].
iPatient Activation Measure-13 score [51].
jAUDIT-C: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Version C.
kCombination of “Smoke every day” and “Smoke some days.”
lScore range from 7 to 35; a higher score corresponds to more comfort.
mIn comparison to Android.
nPrior experience with a physical activity device (eg, Fitbit, Apple Watch).