Table 6.

Narrative synthesis results of the effects of mobile app-assisted self-care interventions.

Outcomes			Number of trials
			Favoring interventiona	Showing no significant difference between intervention and controlb	Favoring controlc
Clinical outcomes
	Objectively measured
		Postprandial BGd	1 [19]
		Right brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity		1 [40]
		Left brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity		1 [40]
		Adiponectin	1 [40]
		High-sensitivity C-reactive protein		1 [40]
		Interleukin-6		1 [40]
		Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance		1 [40]
		Waist/hip ratio		1 [44]
		Creatinine		1 [44]
		Medication dose			1 [35]
		Insulin dose		1 [34]
	Self-reported
		Quality of life		6 [24,28,30,32,44]
		Diabetes symptoms		3 [29]
Behavioral outcomes (self-reported)
	General health-related
		Lifestyle-/health-related activity		4 [24,30,33]
	Specific disease-related
		Adherence to medication	1 [33]	5 [17,25,27,39,42]
		Adherence to physical activities	1 [43]	6 [25,27,30,39,41]
		Adherence to healthy diet	1 [39]	4 [25,30,41]
		Frequency of carbohydrate spacing	1 [25]
		Frequency of smoking		1 [27]
		Frequency of drinking		1 [27]
		Frequency of communicating with physicians		1 [33]
		Adherence to BG monitoring	2 [25,33]
		Adherence to foot care	1 [25]
Knowledge outcomes (self-reported)
	Diabetes knowledge		1 [24]	3 [25,33,37]
	Hypertension knowledge			3 [17,35,37]
Psychosocial outcomes (self-reported)
	Satisfaction
		Satisfaction with diabetes treatment	1 [31]	1 [33]
		Satisfaction with life		1 [28]
	Self-efficacy
		Ability to interact with health organizations and HCPse		2 [30]
		Ability to monitor the conditions and having insights into living with the conditions		2 [30]
		Self-efficacy for medication taking/coping with diseases		4 [17,24,25,33]
	Emotion
		Emotional well-being		2 [30]
		Positive emotion		1 [28]
		Negative emotion		1 [28]
		Distress		4 [29,33]
		Depression		7 [24,28-30]	1 [34]
		Anxiety		2 [28,34]
	Perceived behavioral control
		Comfort with self-monitoring		1 [34]
		Self-autonomous regulation		1 [17]
		Determination about not allowing illnesses to control life		2 [30]
		Positive and active engagement in life		2 [30]
		Feeling of having the skills to manage disease	1 [30]	1 [30]
		Feeling of having social support		2 [30]

^aSignificant improvement in the outcome at the end of the trial in the intervention group compared with the control group.

^bNo significant difference in the outcome at the end of the trial between the intervention and control groups.

^cSignificant deterioration in the outcome at the end of the trial in the intervention group compared with the control group.

^dBG: blood glucose.

^eHCP: health care provider.