Table 2.
Composition on a dry basis of the carbons.
| Experimental Conditions | Hydrochar Yield (%) | Fixed Carbon (%) | Ash (%) | Volatile Matter (%) | C (%) | H (%) | S (%) | N (%) | O (%) a | C Recovery (%) |
SBET (m2/g) | Vmesob (cm3/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 140 °C—2.3 h | 59.7 | 12.0 (0.1) | 15.8 (0.1) | 72.5 (0.3) | 39.6 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 32.9 (0.2) | 57.0 | <3 | 0.001 |
| 152 °C—1 h | 61.5 | 11.5 (0.1) | 15.0 (0.1) | 73.5 (0.1) | 40.6 (0.1) | 6.3 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.1) | 31.7 (0.1) | 60.2 | <3 | 0.001 |
| 152 °C—3.5 h | 58.5 | 11.1 (0.1) | 17.1 (0.1) | 71.8 (3.3) | 40.4 (0.9) | 6.0 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 5.2 (0.1) | 31.3 (0.1) | 56.9 | 5 | 0.006 |
| 180 °C—0.5 h | 48.5 | 8.1 (0.1) | 16.4 (0.1) | 75.4 (1.7) | 40.5 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 31.1 (0.2) | 47.3 | <3 | 0.001 |
| 180 °C—2.3 h | 49.0 | 13.6 (0.4) | 19.3 (0.5) | 67.2 (0.5) | 40.7 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.1) | 29.5 (0.2) | 48.1 | 15 | 0.020 |
| 180 °C—4 h | 46.2 | 15.5 (0.2) | 18.7 (0.1) | 65.8 (0.1) | 42.7 (0.1) | 5.6 (01) | 0.2 (0.1) | 5.0 (0.1) | 27.7 (0.2) | 47.5 | 20 | 0.027 |
| 208 °C—1 h | 40.3 | 14.9 (0.1) | 19.7 (0.1) | 65.4 (0.3) | 43.1 (0.2) | 5.8 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.1) | 26.5 (0.3) | 41.9 | 21 | 0.026 |
| 208 °C—3.5 h | 37.7 | 15.4 (0.1) | 21.3 (0.1) | 63.2 (0.1) | 43.6 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 4.5 (0.1) | 24.9 (0.1) | 39.6 | 23 | 0.032 |
| 220 °C—2.3 h | 31.6 | 15.8 (0.2) | 22.8 (0.1) | 63.3 (1.6) | 41.5 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 26.1 (0.2) | 31.6 | 24 | 0.031 |
a Calculated by difference. b Volume of mesopores.