Table 1.
Metaregression summary
| Model, covariate | Coefficient | Lower limit of 95% CI | Upper limit of 95% CI | P | Figure | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable model I | ||||||
| Age distribution | ||||||
| [1] Population ages 0‐14 (%) | –0.1136 | –0.1360 | –0.0913 | <.0001* | ||
| [2] Population ages ≥65 (%) | 0.1521 | 0.1114 | 0.1928 | <.0001* | ||
| Economy | ||||||
| [3] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | <.0001* | ||
| [4] GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | <.0001* | ||
| Multivariable model I including all the above‐mentioned covariates [1] to [4] | ||||||
| [1] Population ages 0‐14 (%) | –0.0636 | –0.1038 | –0.0234 | .0021* | Figure 1A | |
| [2] Population ages ≥65 (%) | –0.0163 | –0.0738 | 0.0411 | .5750 | ||
| [3] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | 0.0000 | –0.0000 | 0.0001 | .8818 | ||
| [4] GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | 0.0000 | –0.0000 | 0.0001 | .1768 | ||
| Multivariable model II‐1 adjusting for covariates [1] to [4] | ||||||
| Public health | ||||||
| [5] Life expectancy at birth (years) | 0.0300 | –0.0385 | 0.0984 | .3885 | ||
| [6] Medical‐doctor density (/10 000 population) | 0.0292 | 0.0056 | 0.0529 | .0156* | ||
| [7] Nursing/midwifery‐personnel density (/10 000 population) | 0.0047 | –0.0035 | 0.0130 | .2604 | ||
| Multivariable model II‐2 adjusting for covariates [1] to [4] and [8] to [10] | ||||||
| [5] Life expectancy at birth (years) | 0.0133 | –0.0654 | 0.0919 | .7396 | ||
| [6] Medical‐doctor density (/10 000 population) | 0.0158 | –0.0085 | 0.0402 | .2015 | ||
| [7] Nursing/midwifery‐personnel density (/10 000 population) | 0.0022 | –0.0058 | 0.0103 | .5844 | ||
| Multivariable model III adjusting for covariates [1] to [7] | ||||||
| Disease | ||||||
| [8] Hypertension prevalence (%) | –0.0086 | –0.0790 | 0.0619 | .8107 | ||
| [9] Obesity prevalence (%) | 0.0411 | 0.0100 | 0.0722 | .0099* | Figure 1B | |
| [10] Diabetes prevalence (%) | –0.0261 | –0.0935 | 0.0413 | .4454 | ||
| Multivariable model IV adjusting for covariates [1] to [10] | ||||||
| Environment | ||||||
| [11] Annual PM2.5 concentrations in urban areas, µg/m3 | 0.0158 | 0.0003 | 0.0313 | .0454* | Figure 1C | |
| [12] Daily ambient ultraviolet radiation, J/m2 | 0.0001 | –0.0002 | 0.0003 | .6534 | ||
| Multivariable model V adjusting for covariates [1] to [12] | ||||||
| Health infrastructure | ||||||
| [13] Population using safely managed drinking‐water services (%) | 0.0171 | –0.0044 | 0.0386 | .1180 | ||
| [14] Population using safely managed sanitation services (%) | –0.0030 | –0.0222 | 0.0161 | .7521 | ||
| [15] Population using hand‐washing facility with soap/water (%) | –0.0170 | –0.0406 | 0.0065 | .1525 | ||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||
| [16] Inbound tourism (millions) | 0.0027 | –0.0056 | 0.0110 | .5243 | ||
| [17] Bachelor's or equivalent (ISCED 6) (%) | –0.0029 | –0.0485 | 0.0427 | .9004 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GDP, gross domestic product; GNI, gross national income; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5; PPP, purchasing power parity.
*
Statistically significant.