Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variable | COVID‐19 Patients (n = 23) | COVID‐19 Patients ICU (n = 12) | COVID‐19 Patients Ward (n = 11) | Healthy Controls (n = 20) | P Value Patients vs Controls | P Value ICU vs Ward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64 [53‐74] | 69 [57‐76] | 58 [42‐74] | 44 [39‐50] | <.001 | .267 |
| Female | 9 (39%) | 6 (50%) | 3 (27%) | 9 (45%) | .697 | .265 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30 [27‐34] | 32 [27‐35] | 29 [27‐31] | 24 [20‐27] | <.0001 | .285 |
| SOFA score | 3.0 [1.0‐6.0] | 5.5 [3.3‐7.8] | 2.0 [0.0‐3.0] | .01 | ||
| APACHE score | 12.0 [5.0‐16.0] | 15.5 [12.0‐17.8] | 5.0 [3.0‐10.0] | <.0001 | ||
| Pulmonary support | ||||||
| Intubated | 12 (52%) | 12 (100%) | 0 (0%) | <.0001 | ||
| Noninvasive ventilation | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | .286 | ||
| Nasal oxygen | 10 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (91%) | <.0001 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 (PaFI) | 367 [208‐420] | 239 [130‐414] | 418 [325‐420] | .121 | ||
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 22 [18‐28] | 27 [26‐32] | 18 [18‐20] | .0002 | ||
| SIRS criteria (≥2) | 8 (35%) | 6 (50%) | 2 (18%) | .110 | ||
| DIC score (≥5) | 2 (9%) | 1 (8%) | 1 (9%) | .949 | ||
| Glasgow coma scale (≤8) | 3 (13%) | 2 (17%) | 1 (9%) | .590 | ||
| Underlying (chronic) disease | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 (57%) | 8 (67%) | 5 (45%) | .305 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 5 (22%) | 1 (8%) | 4 (36%) | .104 | ||
| Diabetes | 4 (17%) | 2 (17%) | 2 (18%) | .924 | ||
| Onset of symptoms before admission (days) | 6 [5‐8] | 7 [5‐10] | 6 [5‐7] | .626 | ||
| Blood sampling day (since admission) | 4 [2‐6] | 5 [4‐7] | 2 [1‐2] | <.0001 | ||
| Baseline laboratory values | ||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 [0.42‐2.10] | 0.63 [0.29‐2.09] | 0.80 [0.56‐2.10] | .281 | ||
| C‐reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.33 [0.70‐5.57] | 0.77 [0.42‐2.59] | 3.28 [2.33‐8.96] | .009 | ||
| Lactate (mg/dL) | 15 [12‐16] | 15 [13‐19] | 15 [9‐15] | .374 | ||
| LDH (U/L) | 307 [236‐424] | 345 [258‐660] | 305 [193‐354] | .300 | ||
| pH | 7.41 [7.33‐7.45] | 7.45 [7.32‐7.47] | 7.38 [7.33‐7.43] | .169 | ||
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.80 [0.40‐1.30] | 0.80 [0.45‐1.23] | 0.60 [0.40‐1.30] | .682 | ||
| WBC count (×109/L) | 6.3 [3.4‐11.8] | 10.5 [6.7‐15.3] | 3.5 [3.1‐4.5] | 5.88 [5.26‐7.93] | .995 | .007 |
| Anticoagulation (LMWH) | ||||||
| No | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | .122 | ||
| <0.5 mg/kg/d | 7 (30%) | 2 (17%) | 5 (45%)a | .134 | ||
| 0.5‐1.5 mg/kg/d | 9 (39%) | 6 (50%) | 3 (27%) | .265 | ||
| ≥1.5 mg/kg/d | 5 (22%) | 4 (33%)b | 1 (9%) | .159 | ||
| Outcome | ||||||
| Duration of hospital stay in days (n = 21) | 25 [7.5‐44] | 43 [21‐46] | 11 [5.0‐26] | .015 | ||
| Still in hospital | 2 (9%) | 2 (17%) | 0 (0%) | .157 | ||
| Death | 4 (17%) | 2 (17%) | 2 (18%) | .924 | ||
Note
The results are presented as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables, and number (percentage) for categorical variables. Comparisons between the two groups are made using the Mann‐Whitney U test or chi‐squared test, as appropriate.
Abbreviations: DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LMWH, low‐molecular‐weight heparin; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; WBC, white blood cell.
a
One patient received tinzaparin sodium 3500 International Units per day.
b
One ICU patient received intravenous infusion of unfractionated heparin.