Table 1.

Knowledge of malaria among respondents by location of residence (rural/urban), Igabi LGA, Kaduna Nigeria, (N = 629)

Knowledge characteristics	Rural (n = 300)	Urban (n = 329)	Chi square	p-value
Overall knowledge of malaria
Good	54 (38.8)	85 (61.2)	5.9	0.05
Average	102 (48.8)	107 (51.2)
Poor	144 (51.3)	137 (48.7)
Malaria transmission route to humans
Bite of malaria infected mosquito	261 (87.0)	292 (88.8)	10.9	< 0.01
Do not know	30 (10.0)	15 (4.5)
Through contaminated water/foods	9 (3.0)	22 (6.7)
Malaria mosquito feeding time
Both day and night-time	73 (24.3)	44 (13.4)	89.2	< 0.01
Day time	11 (3.7)	4 (1.2)
Do not know	60 (20.0)	5 (1.5)
Night-time	156 (52.0)	276 (83.9)
Malaria diagnosis
Blood microscopy	47 (15.7)	48 (14.6)	37.8	< 0.01
Do not know	37 (12.3)	19 (5.8)
Symptomatically	58 (19.3)	134 (40.7)
Testing blood with malaria RDT	158 (52.7)	128 (38.9)

			OR (95% C.I)	p-value
Malaria symptoms (yes/no) reference, no
Fever	269 (89.7)	309 (93.9)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	0.07
Headache	217 (72.3)	262 (79.6)	0.7 (0.5–0.9)	0.04
Vomiting	164 (54.7)	188 (57.1)	0.9 (0.7–1.2)	0.59
Shivering	162 (54.0)	119 (36.2)	2.1 (1.5–2.8)	< 0.01
Diarrhoea	50 (16.7)	38 (11.5)	1.5 (0.9–2.4)	0.08
Dizziness	44 (14.7)	115 (35.0)	0.3 (0.2–0.5)	< 0.01
Nausea	40 (13.3)	86 (26.1)	0.4 (0.3–0.7)	< 0.01
Loss of appetite	28 (9.3)	93 (29.2)	0.2 (0.1–0.4)	< 0.01
Malaria prevention (yes/no) reference, no
Clearing of grasses/breeding sites	197 (65.7)	228 (69.3)	0.8 (0.6–1.2)	0.37
Use long lasting insecticidal nets	108 (36.0)	144 (43.8)	0.7 (0.5–1.0)	0.05
Use mosquito coil or repellent	51 (17.0)	90 (27.4)	0.5 (0.4–0.8)	< 0.01
Wearing long sleeve shirts	9 (3.0)	10 (3.04)	1 (0.4–2.5)	1.00
Indoor residual spray	1 (0.3)	66 (20.1)	0.01 (0.0–0.1)	< 0.01