. 2020 Aug 18;12:73. doi: 10.1186/s13098-020-00580-w

Table 1.

Pre- and post-treatment characteristics among study groups

Variable		Pre-treatment		Post-treatment
		Mean ± SD	p value	Mean ± SD	p value
Age (years)^c	D	55.31 ± 8.85	0.889^a	NA
	K	55.42 ± 12.62
	D+K	57.08 ± 9.59
Alcohol consumption^d	D	62.5 (10)	0.405^b	NA
	K	41.7 (5)
	D+K	66.7 (8)
Smoking^d	D	6.3 (1)	0.311^b	NA
	K	25 (3)
	D+K	25 (3)
Physical activity^d	D	50 (8)	0.574^b	NA
	K	33.3 (4)
	D+K	33.3 (4)
Weight (kg)^c	D	82.09 ± 18.16	0.670^a	80.56 ± 16.58	0.775^a
	K	76.08 ± 20.86		75.80 ± 20.26
	D+K	77.62 ± 15.64		78.58 ± 15.31
BMI (kg/m²)^c	D	30.23 ± 6.25		29.71 ± 5.93	0.770^a
	K	28.49 ± 7.44		28.38 ± 7.14
	D+K	27.91 ± 4.55	0.586^a	28.26 ± 4.42
Muscle (%)^c	D	51.38 ± 9.28	0.337^a	51.29 ± 8.45	0.370^a
	K	46.01 ± 9.27		46.18 ± 10.00
	D+K	50.48 ± 10.88		50.79 ± 11.69
Fat (%)^c	D	32.34 ± 10.69	0.875^a	33.62 ± 9.74	0.795^a
	K	34.38 ± 9.89		34.78 ± 9.61
	D+K	34.24 ± 14.67		31.98 ± 11.32
SBP (mmHg)^c	D	132.25 ± 16.60	0.870^a	128.38 ± 16.13	0.914^a
	K	132.33 ± 27.19		130.17 ± 18.33
	D+K	136.33 ± 23.18		126.92 ± 22.22
DBP (mmHg)^c	D	87.81 ± 13.49	0.252^a	85.31 ± 14.85	0.138^a
	K	81.17 ± 14.14		78.17 ± 8.79
	D+K	80.92 ± 8.35		76.67 ± 10.67
Glucose (mg/dL)^c	D	132.37 ± 18.71	0.627^a	117.50 ± 17.50	0.520^a
	K	144.17 ± 35.76		130.25 ± 29.70
	D+K	138.25 ± 40.65		123.58 ± 39.05
Insulin (ng/dL)^c	D	92.24 ± 50.13	0.603^a	94.03 ± 49.89	0.363^a
	K	108.60 ± 54.59		85.17 ± 43.59
	D+K	114.32 ± 76.68		113.75 ± 55.41
cOC (ng(dL)^c	D	0.809 ± 0.726	0.193^a	0.986 ± 0.626	0.131^a
	K	0.818 ± 0.567		1.224 ± 1.092
	D+K	0.441 ± 0.304		0.611 ± 0.278
uOC (ng/dL)^c	D	3.326 ± 1.774	0.097^a	2.525 ± 1.566	0.754^a
	K	2.534 ± 1.616		2.355 ± 1.236
	D+K	2.046 ± 1.010		2.136 ± 1.119
HOMA-IR^c	D	29.44 ± 14.99	0.333^a	26.78 ± 13.30	0.406^a
	K	41.60 ± 28.22		28.66 ± 19.96
	D+K	39.06 ± 25.39		35.84 ± 21.12
%FPβC^c	D	546.33 ± 427.38	0.776^a	237.90 ± 89.21	0.301^a
	K	514.79 ± 204.01		174.21 ± 04.77
	D+K	622.40 ± 444.25		281.51 ± 87.39
Cholesterol (mg/dL)^c	D	195.88 ± 36.73	0.801^a	198.00 ± 48.66	0.789^a
	K	197.08 ± 41.52		206.08 ± 34.18
	D+K	204.50 ± 25.94		194.92 ± 36.24
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^c	D	202.50 ± 142.56	0.856^a	221.75 ± 115.46	0.155^a
	K	180.67 ± 115.08		188.08 ± 79.55
	D+K	179.42 ± 106.34		154.83 ± 44.37
VLDL (mg/dL)^c	D	40.19 ± 28.78	0.875^a	44.35 ± 23.09	0.155^a
	K	36.13 ± 23.02		37.62 ± 15.91
	D+K	35.88 ± 21.27		30.97 ± 8.87

NA not applicable, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, % FPβC percentage of functional pancreatic beta cells, VLDL very low density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation

^aMean values were compared using ANOVA test

^bNumber of individuals were compared by Chi square test

^cData presented as average and standard deviation

^dData presented as percentage and number