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. 2020 Aug 12;13:138. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00138

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Copyright © 2020 Govindarajulu, Pinky, Steinke, Bloemer, Ramesh, Kariharan, Rella, Bhattacharya, Dhanasekaran, Suppiramaniam and Amin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is increased in 3×Tg-AD and db/db mice. TMAO concentrations in the blood (A) and brain (B) in control, 3×Tg-AD, and db/db mice at 8 months and 18 months. (C) Western blot analysis of FMO3 in liver lysates from control, 3×Tg-AD, and db/db mice aged 8 months. α-tubulin was used as an internal housekeeping protein control. (D) Eight-month-old Control, 3×Tg-AD, and db/db mice were subjected to glucose tolerance test (GTT) by intraperitoneal glucose administration (2.0 g.kg-1 of body weight). Blood was sampled at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 90, and 120 min for glucose. Changes in serum glucose levels during the GTT relative to basal glycemic levels. Results are shown as mean ± SEM of three mice per group and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared to different groups.