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. 2020 Aug 19;183(1):143–157.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.025

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© 2020 Elsevier Inc.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Early Loss of Germinal Centers and Bcl-6-Expressing B Cells in COVID-19 Thoracic Lymph Nodes

(A) Hematoxylin-eosin staining of lymph nodes from early (left) and late (right) COVID-19 patients.

(B) Low-power images of CD3 (red), CD19 (green), Bcl-6 (orange), and DAPI (blue) staining in a lymph node from a late COVID-19 patient (left) and a non-COVID-19 thoracic lymph node (right).

(C) Representative multi-color immunofluorescence images of CD3 (red), CD19 (green), Bcl-6 (orange), and AID (purple) staining in lymph nodes from early (left) and late (middle) COVID-19 patients and a non-COVID-19 lymph node (right).

(D and E) Absolute numbers of CD19⁺ B cells (D) and CD3⁺ T cells (E) in lymph nodes from COVID-19 patients (purple, n = 11) and non-COVID-19 patients (blue, n = 6). COVID-19 samples include early (purple, n = 5) and late (red, n = 6) COVID-19 patients.

(F and G) Absolute numbers and relative proportion of Bcl6⁺ B cells (F) and AID⁺ B cells (G) in the pool of CD19⁺ B cells in lymph nodes from COVID-19 patients (purple, n = 11) and non-COVID-19 patients (blue, n = 6).

COV-19, COVID-19; LN, lymph node. Mann-Whitney U test was used to calculate p value. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001. See also Figure S1 and Tables S1 and S2.