Table 1.
Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure and Biological Effect
| Constituent | Biomarkers of exposure | Sample | Data Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine | Total nicotine equivalents (TNE)b | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Tobacco specific nitrosamines | |||
| 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonea | 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| N′-Nitrosonornicotinea | N′-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronides (total NNN) | Urine | PATH |
| Volatile organic compounds | |||
| Acroleina | N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3-HPMA) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Propylene oxidea | N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2-HPMA) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Benzenea | N-Acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (SPMA) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Crotonaldehydea | N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-l-cysteine (HMPMA) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Acrylonitrilea | N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA) | Urine | PATH & RCT |
| Acrylamidea | N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) | Urine | PATH |
| 1,3-Butadienea | N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-butenyl)-L-cysteine (MHB3) | Urine | PATH |
| Ethylbenzenea/Styrenea | Phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) | Urine | PATH |
| Acrylonitrilea; Vinyl chloridea; Ethylene oxidea | N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA) | Urine | PATH |
| Styrenea | Mandelic acid (MADA) | Urine | PATH |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | |||
| Pyrene | 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) | Urine | PATH |
| Fluorene | 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) | Urine | PATH |
| Naphthalene | 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP) | Urine | PATH |
| Phenanthrene | Phenanthrene tetraol (PheT) | Urine | RCT |
| Indication | Biomarkers of biological effect | Sample | Data Source(s) |
| Oxidative stress | 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) | Urine | PATH RCT |
| Inflammation | Prostaglandin E metabolite (PGEM) | Urine | RCT |
| Inflammation | Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecular (ICAM-1) | Serum | PATH |
| Inflammation | Interleukin 6 (IL6) | Serum | PATH |
| Inflammation | High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) | Serum | PATH & RCT |
| Inflammation | White blood cells (WBC) | Blood | RCT |
a
Included on the Food and Drug Administration list of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco or tobacco smoke24;
b:
In the RCT, TNE is the molar sum of total nicotine, total cotinine and total 3′-hydroxycotinine, where “total” refers to the unconjugated and glucuronide conjugated forms,. In PATH, TNE is the molar sum of total nicotine, total cotinine, total 3′-hydroxycotinine, total cotinine N-oxide, total nicotine N-oxide, total norcotinine, and total nornicotine.