Table 3.
Results of the three-group comparisons (doctors vs. nurses vs. other staff) for all 5-item Likert-scale questions
| MD | Nurses | Others | Kruskal–Wallis | Mann–Whitney U | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M | SD | Mdn | N | M | SD | Mdn | N | M | SD | Mdn | H | df | p | P | ||
| The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in my daily workload (Q9) | 1609 | 2.48 | 1.36 | 2 | 1310 | 3.60 | 1.17 | 4 | 733 | 3.02 | 1.25 | 3 | 477.1 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Due to the COVID-19 pandemic I feel mentally strained (Q10) | 1607 | 3.12 | 1.26 | 3 | 1299 | 3.63 | 1.16 | 4 | 728 | 3.53 | 1.10 | 4 | 133.9 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | .023 | ||||||||||||||||
| My superiors/my employer informed me sufficiently about COVID-19 (Q11) | 1589 | 3.76 | 1.17 | 4 | 1300 | 3.56 | 1.18 | 4 | 726 | 3.71 | 1.18 | 4 | 24.4 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .260 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | .004 | ||||||||||||||||
| Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the satisfaction with my job has worsened (Q12) | 1596 | 3.13 | 1.34 | 3 | 1295 | 3.33 | 1.27 | 4 | 721 | 3.12 | 1.34 | 3 | 18.5 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .918 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs Others | .001 | ||||||||||||||||
| I feel left alone by my employer (Q13) | 1579 | 2.18 | 1.19 | 2 | 1295 | 2.67 | 1.25 | 3 | 723 | 2.38 | 1.20 | 2 | 121.6 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| I feel left alone by the responsible political decision-makers (Q14) | 1591 | 2.57 | 1.26 | 2 | 1282 | 3.24 | 1.30 | 3 | 717 | 2.42 | 1.14 | 2 | 253.0 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .030 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| The measures taken by the hospital administration have been appropriate (in terms of supply with information, protective equipment, and organization of work processes) (Q19) | 1570 | 3.48 | 1.24 | 4 | 1273 | 3.01 | 1.25 | 3 | 720 | 3.28 | 1.20 | 4 | 105.7 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| In my opinion, the communication related to COVID-19 that came from the management of the hospital has been appropriate (Q20) | 1554 | 3.69 | 1.18 | 4 | 1247 | 3.43 | 1.19 | 4 | 713 | 3.55 | 1.20 | 4 | 37.8 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .009 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | .017 | ||||||||||||||||
| I have the impression that my efforts at work during the COVID-19 pandemic are being appreciated by the management of the hospital (Q21). | 1546 | 3.39 | 1.20 | 3 | 1261 | 2.96 | 1.21 | 3 | 712 | 3.22 | 1.10 | 3 | 90.7 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| My hospital was/is well prepared with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic (Q22) | 1559 | 3.65 | 1.16 | 4 | 1259 | 3.24 | 1.20 | 3 | 708 | 3.48 | 1.17 | 4 | 86.3 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .0005** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, I have significantly less time for my personal life (Q24) | 1566 | 2.10 | 1.23 | 2 | 1252 | 2.68 | 1.33 | 3 | 708 | 1.98 | 1.14 | 2 | 189.4 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .054 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| My daily life has become more stressful due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Q25) | 1563 | 2.81 | 1.40 | 3 | 1246 | 3.25 | 1.36 | 3 | 708 | 2.91 | 1.40 | 3 | 69.6 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .122 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, I am worrying more often about the future (Q26) | 1564 | 3.17 | 1.27 | 3 | 1251 | 3.49 | 1.27 | 4 | 710 | 3.38 | 1.20 | 4 | 46.1 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | .033 | ||||||||||||||||
| Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, I am worrying more often about the well-being of my family (Q27) | 1562 | 3.66 | 1.17 | 4 | 1249 | 4.14 | 1.05 | 4 | 708 | 3.88 | 1.13 | 4 | 151.2 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| I am afraid of catching the coronavirus myself (Q28) | 1553 | 2.55 | 1.20 | 2 | 1241 | 2.84 | 1.28 | 3 | 708 | 2.61 | 1.19 | 2 | 36.9 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .256 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| I fear that due to my daily exposure with it at work, I could pass on the coronavirus to my friends or relatives (Q29) | 1557 | 3.30 | 1.31 | 4 | 1239 | 3.82 | 1.24 | 4 | 705 | 3.58 | 1.25 | 4 | 119.8 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Since the COVID-19 pandemic, I have been sleeping less well (Q30) | 1560 | 2.15 | 1.29 | 2 | 1247 | 2.61 | 1.38 | 2 | 707 | 2.34 | 1.31 | 2 | 86.2 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| In my setting, patients not infected with COVID-19 are adequately taken care of despite the COVID-19 pandemic (Q31) | 1551 | 3.22 | 1.34 | 3 | 1191 | 3.39 | 1.22 | 4 | 684 | 3.08 | 1.31 | 3 | 24.6 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | .0023 |
| MD vs. Others | .016 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| In my hospital setting, COVID-19-positive patients are adequately taken care of (Q32) | 1458 | 3.81 | 1.12 | 4 | 1056 | 3.30 | 1.19 | 3 | 547 | 3.20 | 1.23 | 3 | 180.5 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | .204 | ||||||||||||||||
| I will continue to work in the healthcare area after the COVID-19 pandemic (Q33) | 1543 | 4.78 | 0.63 | 5 | 1215 | 4.37 | 1.05 | 5 | 701 | 4.74 | 0.67 | 5 | 178.6 | 2 | < .0005*** | MD vs. Nurses | < .0005*** |
| MD vs. Others | .071 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nurses vs. Others | < .0005*** | ||||||||||||||||
Q: Question (see supplement for the complete questionnaire). ***p < .0005, **p < .002 (**p < .000667 in case of post hoc tests) (see Methods for the adjustment made to account for the multiple comparisons)