Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the various subgroups of type 2 diabetes
| Cluster 1 (SIDD) | Cluster 2 (IROD) | Cluster 3 (CIRDD) | Cluster 4 (MARD) | |
| n | 5009 | 4934 | 2313 | 6828 |
| Frequency, % | 26.2 | 25.9 | 12.1 | 35.8 |
| Men, % | 65.8 | 59.8 | 73.7 | 58.6 |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 42.5 (10.8) | 46.5 (10.4) | 42.1 (9.8) | 50.2 (10.3) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 (3.5) | 32.6 (4.1) | 26.5 (3.1) | 25.9 (2.9) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90 (8.8) | 108 (8.9) | 94.9 (8.1) | 92.4 (7.4) |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 10.7 (2.1) | 8.3 (1.8) | 9.1 (1.9) | 7.2 (1.2) |
| Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol | 93.0 | 67.0 | 76.0 | 55.0 |
| Serum triglycerides, mg/dL | 149 (59) | 155 (59) | 351 (102) | 136 (50) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 40 (9) | 38 (8) | 36 (8) | 42 (9) |
| C peptide fasting, pmol/mL | 0.8 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) |
| C peptide stimulated, pmol/mL | 1.7 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 3 (0.7) |
| HOMA-B | 38.8 (26.9) | 100.8 (51.5) | 64.5 (37.7) | 94.1 (43.1) |
| HOMA-IR | 2.8 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.9) | 2.6 (0.8) |
| WHR | 0.93 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.08) | 0.96 (0.06) | 0.94 (0.07) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 123 (16) | 128 (16) | 127 (17) | 127 (17) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79 (9) | 82 (9) | 81 (10) | 79 (9) |
| Serum cholesterol, mg/dL | 188 (43) | 176 (40) | 206 (44) | 177 (41) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 118 (37) | 107 (35) | 106 (38) | 108 (35) |
| Insulin at registration, % | 24.9 | 10.6 | 15.0 | 5.3 |
| Metformin at registration, % | 38.4 | 71.3 | 50.9 | 63.4 |
| Sulfonylureas at registration, % | 32.8 | 44.1 | 38.0 | 39.7 |
| Statin at registration, % | 30.2 | 37.8 | 37.3 | 37.8 |
| ACE inhibitor at registration, % | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 |
Variables in bold are those used for clustering.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; CIRDD, Combined Insulin Resistant and Deficient Diabetes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistence; IROD, Insulin Resistant Obese Diabetes; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MARD, Mild Age-Related Diabetes; SIDD, Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes; WHR, waist hip ratio.