Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text
Keywords: 68Ga-DOTATOC PET, Ki, neuroendocrine tumor, pancreatic uncinate process, somatostatin receptor expression, SUVmax
Abstract
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of net influx rate (Ki) values from a whole-body dynamic (WBD) 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisition to differentiate pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) from physiological uptake of pancreatic uncinate process (UP).
Patients who were benefited from a WBD acquisition for the assessment of a known well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET)/suspicion of disease in the prospective GAPET-NET cohort were screened. Only patients with a confirmed pNET/UP as our gold standard were included. The positron emission tomography (PET) procedure consisted in a single-bed dynamic acquisition centered on the heart, followed by a whole-body dynamic acquisition and then a static acquisition. Dynamic (Ki calculated according to Patlak method), static (SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak) parameters, and tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-spleen ratio (TLRKi and TSRKi (according to hepatic/splenic Ki)), tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmax (TM/LM), tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmean (TM/Lm), tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmax (TM/SM), and tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmean (TM/Sm) (according to hepatic/splenic SUVmax and SUVmean respectively) were calculated. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate their diagnostic performance to distinguish UP from pNET.
One hundred five patients benefited from a WBD between July 2018 and July 2019. Eighteen (17.1%) had an UP and 26 (24.8%) a pNET. For parameters alone, the Ki and SUVpeak had the best sensitivity (88.5%) while the Ki, SUVmax, and SUVmean had the best specificity (94.4%). The best diagnostic accuracy was obtained with Ki (90.9%). For ratios, the TLRKi and the TSRKi had the best sensitivity (95.7%) while the TM/SM and TM/Sm the best specificity (100%). TLRKi had the best diagnostic accuracy (95.1%) and the best area under the curve (AUC) (0.990).
Our study is the first one to evaluate the interest of a WBD acquisition to differentiate UP from pNETs and shows excellent diagnostic performances of the Ki approach.
1. Introduction
68Ga-DOTApeptides positron emission tomography coupled to computed tomography (PET/CT) has significantly contributed to improve diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) including pancreatic primary location. The high uptake of 68Ga-DOTApeptides into pancreatic NETs has been extensively described in the literature, and the mean SUVmax in these tumors is usually higher than the NETs from other primary localization[1–3] with however a very wide range of standardized uptake values (SUVs) according to the series.
Physiological pancreatic uptake, especially in the head and in pancreatic uncinate process, has been reported as a frequent uptake in 68Ga-DOTApeptides PET/CT. The hypotheses to explain this pancreatic uncinate uptake (UP) is a predominance of endocrine cells islets and/or a cellular hyperplasia expressing somatostatin receptor (SST).[4,5] This physiological activity can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from pancreatic tumors, proximal midgut tumors, or peritoneal nodular metastases, and requires careful evaluation of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to confirm the absence of associated morphological abnormalities. It is therefore a classic pitfall that can lead to misdiagnose a pancreatic tumor.[5,6]
The differential diagnosis between pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) and UP is therefore important. This topic has already been explored in the literature. In 68Ga-DOTApeptides PET/CT, the SUVmax of the pNETs seems higher in comparison to the SUVmax of the UP, although there is a certain overlap of the values.[6–9] Prasad et al have suggested a SUVmax cut-off of 8.6 in their cohort to make the differential diagnosis between UP/pNET.[6] However, another study enrolling 96 patients, failed to find a SUVmax threshold allowing obtaining good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.[7] Finally, a recent study investigated the value of a PET/MRI acquisition in a single combined system, allowing an optimal co-localization of abnormalities detected with both modalities. The authors concluded that the presence of a diffuse uptake with a low SUVmax value associated with the absence of abnormality in diffusion-weighted images allowed to improve interpretive confidence.[9]
Recently multi-step or flow motion acquisition protocols have been developed and are achievable on new generation digital positron emission tomography (PET) machines, allowing to perform a 4D whole-body dynamic acquisition.[10–12] Dynamic PET/CT acquisitions allow to assess the net influx rate (Ki) of a lesion and this approach has already been used in whole-body dynamic (WBD) 18FDG-PET/CT to differentiate malignant/benign and pathological/physiological processes.[10] The hypothesis of our study is that Ki could be more discriminating than SUV approach to differentiate NETs from UP in 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT imaging.
The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Ki approach resulting from a dynamic whole-body acquisition in 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT to differentiate the pNET from the UP.
2. Materials and methods
This is a prospective monocentric ancillary study of the GAPET-NET study (NCT03576040).
2.1. Population
The inclusion criteria were as follows: patient having an indication to a 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT for the assessment of a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET) or suspicion of disease, benefited from a whole-body dynamic 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisition and for whom a lesion suggestive of pancreatic NET localization (primary pancreatic NET or metastasis of a NET from another known primary localization) or a fortuitous UP were discovered. Criteria for non-inclusion were: history of total pancreatectomy excluding the possibility of NET pancreatic localization or UP; no abnormal uptake on pancreas visualized; abnormal uptake whose the pancreatic origin remain uncertain on morphological finding on the CT (in particular doubt about peripancreatic lymph node).
The protocol was approved by the medical ethics committee (29BRC17.0036) and all included patients expressed their non-opposition to achieving the dynamic acquisition and participation of this study.
2.2. UP and NET definition
Regarding the comparison of the 2 populations, each lesion was classified as UP, pNET, or indeterminate uptake (IU) according to the following gold standard. Pathological uptakes classified as pNET were those corresponding to a focal uptake with morphological findings confirmed on the enhanced CT coupled to PET and/or other imaging and/or histological confirmation. Physiological uptakes classified as UP were those with a diffuse uptake aspect of the uncinate process without morphological findings on the enhanced CT coupled to PET and/or other imaging. If no NET was previously known in the patient, the absence of morphological findings had only to be confirmed on the enhanced CT coupled to PET. If a NET was already known (pNET or NET from another primary localization), the absence of morphological findings had to be confirmed on the enhanced CT coupled to PET and also on at least one other morphological imaging (abdominal MRI and or endoscopic ultrasonography).
Uptakes classified as IU were those with a diffuse uptake aspect of the uncinate process but with a doubtful morphological aspect or those with a focal uptake aspect without morphological findings.
2.3. Images acquisition and reconstruction
The 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT images were acquired on a latest-generation digital PET machine (Biograph Vision; Siemens©, Erlangen, Germany). The acquisition was performed after the injection of approximately 2 MBq/kg of 68Ga-DOTATOC eluted with a Galliapharm generator (Eckert and Ziegler©, Berlin, Germany).
CT was obtained first in the craniocaudal direction using a whole-body protocol, after injection of intravenous iodine contrast agent (1.5 mL/kg), unless contraindicated. CT consisted of a 64-slice multidetector-row spiral scanner with the following standard parameters: tube voltage of 120 kV, and effective tube current of 80 mAs, 700 mm transverse field of view, 16 mm × 1.2 mm collimation, pitch 1.
The PET images were acquired in the craniocaudal direction and were reconstructed without and with attenuation correction using an iterative reconstruction algorithm (OSEM 3D) with time of fight correction and point spread function (Siemens© TrueXTM). The images were corrected for random coincidences, dispersion, and attenuation using CT data. The PET images were smoothed using a Gaussian filter (2 mm full-width at half-maximum). The size of the transaxial reconstruction matrix was 440 × 440 voxels and the voxel size was 1.65 mm × 1.65 mm × 1.65 mm.
Whole-body dynamic acquisition was performed using integrated workflow according to a methodology previously described by Karakatsanis et al.[10] The acquisition included a first 6-minutes single-bed acquisition (12 × 5 s, 6 × 10 s, 8 × 30 s) over the heart to acquire the initial part of the input function followed by a 60-minutes whole-body dynamic acquisition including 10 passes of 6 minutes/pass. The scanning speed was 4 mm s−1.
All physiological volume of interest (VOI) and UP/pNET segmentation were performed with Syngovia software by a single nuclear medicine physician
2.4. Images derived input function
The total radioactivity concentration in the arterial plasma was used as an input function as previously described[13] and was generated from a VOI of 1 cm drawn over the left ventricle[14] in each image of the acquisition. The VOI was then projected on whole-body dynamic acquisition to generate the input function. Theoretically, an arterial blood sample is required to obtain the input function, but several studies have shown that the input function can be estimated only from image data.[15–17]
2.5. Time–activity and Patlak's graphical analysis
Time–activity curves were determined for VOI physiological uptake (liver, spleen) on whole-body dynamic acquisition. A VOI of 5 cm, placed on the right hepatic lobe and a VOI of at least 1 cm, placed on the spleen were used to obtain hepatic and splenic time-activity curves respectively. Time–activity curves were determined for pTNE or UP VOI identified and segmented based on a threshold of 40% of the voxel with the highest activity.
Net influx rate (Ki) (expressed in mL/min/100 mL) based on Patlak's graphical analysis was calculated for each VOI (Supplemental Figure). Patlak's plots were generated according to the equation for each VOI from the parameters obtained from the 3rd to the 7th scans of the whole-body dynamic acquisition for each patient (18–48 minutes). Ki was calculated by linear regression of the following equation:
 |
Vp: volume fraction of plasma in the VOI; Cp: arterial plasma blood concentration; and CDOTATOC: tissue concentration.
2.6. Static images and SUV parameters calculation
Static images were generated from the last 2 scans (9th and 10th passes). Physiological (liver/spleen) and pTNE/UP VOIs of WBD acquisition were copied and used for static acquisition. Static PET metabolic parameters (SUVmax, SUVmean, SUV peak, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG = SUVmean × MTV) were calculated.
2.7. Tumor to liver and tumor to spleen ratio
Tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-spleen ratio were calculated for dynamic PET parameters (tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) Ki and tumor-to-spleen ratio (TSR) Ki according to hepatic and splenic Ki) and statics PET parameters (tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmax (TM/LM), tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmean (TM/Lm), tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmax (TM/SM) and tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmean (TM/Sm) according to hepatic and splenic SUVmax and SUVmean respectively).
3. Statistical analysis
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of each variable (to differentiate between pNET and UP). Youden index was used to find each variable's best cut-off point.[18] Area under the curves (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were reported.
Significance level of P-value was .05. All statistical analyses were performed using XLSTAT life software (Addinsoft©, Paris, France).
4. Results
One hundred five patients benefited from a whole-body dynamic acquisition between July 2018 and July 2019 were screened (age = 60.18 ± 15.35 years, sex ratio 55M/50F (52.4%/47.6%), weight 75.39 ± 15.88 kg with a static acquisition performed 53.3 ± 5.6 min after the injection of 2.63 ± 0.35 MBq/kg.
The selection of the population is described in the flowchart (Fig. 1). Six patients were excluded because of a history of total pancreatectomy (n = 3) or in case of lesion of uncertain pancreatic origin (n = 3). Fifty patients (47.6%) had neither UP nor NET. Of the 105 patients, 27 (25.7%) had a UP and 28 (26.6%) had a NET.
Figure 1.
Flowchart selection of pNET and UP in our study. ∗2 lesions in 2 patients, ∗∗3 patients with a pNET and an UP.
The comparison of the values of each parameter is shown in Table 1. All static and dynamic parameters were statistically higher in the pNET than in the UP group (P < .001). The volumetric parameters (MTV40% and TLG) were not discriminating. All TLR and TSR ratios were statistically higher in the NET compared to the UP (P < .0001). Regardless of the ratio used, no UP had superior value than physiological splenic uptake.
Table 1.
Comparison between statics and dynamics PET parameters in pNET and UP.
The diagnostic performance of each parameter is shown in Table 2. Considering the static and dynamic parameters, Ki and SUVpeak had the best sensitivity (88.5%) while Ki, SUVmax, and SUVmean had the best specificity (94.4%). Finally, the best diagnostic accuracy was obtained with Ki (90.9%). Considering TLR and TSR ratios, TLR Ki and TSR Ki had the highest sensitivity (95.7%) while TM/SM and TM/Sm had the best specificity (100%). Finally, the TLR Ki had the best diagnostic accuracy (95.1%).
Table 2.
Areas under the curve (AUC), AUC 95% confidence intervals (CI), and diagnostic performance of statics and dynamics PET parameters.
ROC curves with AUC of static and dynamic parameters and TLR TSR ratios are shown in Figures 2 and 3. For parameters alone, SUVmax and SUVmean had the best AUC (0.953). For the TLR and TSR ratios, the TLR Ki had the best AUC (0.990). The performance of each parameter was not statistically different.
Figure 2.
ROC curves with AUC using static and dynamic parameters alone to differentiate pNETs from UP.
Figure 3.
ROC curves with AUC using TLR and TSR ratios to differentiate pNETs from UP.
5. Discussion
Our study is the first study assessing the interest of a dynamic acquisition with Ki approach for the differential diagnosis between UP and TNE.
In 18FDG-PET/CT, numerous studies have evaluated the interest of dynamic approach to differentiate benign and malignant pathologies for example in the context of the diagnosis of malignancy of a pulmonary tumor,[19] or in the context of post-therapeutic evaluation to distinguish post-therapeutic inflammatory reshaping and residual disease.[20] Therefore, we investigated the utility of this acquisition to differentiate the physiological UP from pNET in 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT imaging, which is a classic diagnostic pitfall.
Our results show excellent diagnostic performances of static and dynamic parameters, especially the TLR and TSR ratios and with the Ki approach. Regarding the prevalence of UP in our cohort, 25.7% of patients were concerned. These data are slightly lower than in the literature: 34.8% in the Graybriel et al study with 68Ga-DOTATATE-PET/RMI,[9] 36.3% in the Krauz et al study with 68Ga-DOTANOC-PET/CT[7] and 70% in the Jacobsson et al study with 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT.[8]
In SUV approach, our results show that static parameters have good performance with AUC of 0.93 for SUVmax and SUVmean, and 0.95 for SUVpeak. Our results are globally consistent with the data in the literature. In the Graybiel et al study in 68Ga-DOTATATE-PET/MRI, the SUVmax values in the UP and pNET were globally comparable to those in our study (mean SUVmax of 10.5 ± 7.2 in UP versus median SUVmax of 13.62 in our cohort and mean SUVmax of 63.2 ± 52.0 in the pNET versus median SUVmax of 53.99 in our cohort). But the authors did not propose a cut-off.[9] Moreover, in the Prasad et al study, a SUV max cut-off of 8.6 obtained in 68Ga-DOTANOC-PET/CT allowed having sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 94%, respectively.[6] With the same tracer, however, it was not found an optimal cut-off in Krauz et al study.[7] Finally, the study by Kroiss et al conducted in 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT found a cut-off of SUVmax = 17.1 with sensitivity and specificity of 93.6% and 90.0%, respectively.[21]
In dynamic approach, the median Ki had comparable performances with an AUC of 0.93 but a diagnostic accuracy slightly higher of 90.9% but without significant differences compared to the static parameters, with a cut-off value of 8.89 mL/min/100 mL. There is no comparability with other data in the literature.
The diagnostic performance of the TLR and TSR ratios has been rarely evaluated in the literature. Our results suggest slightly higher diagnostic performance in our cohort compared to SUV and Ki parameters alone. In addition, the TLR Ki ratio in our cohort had the best diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.990, sensibility = 95.7%, specificity = 94.4%, and accuracy = 95.1%). Nevertheless, the performances were not statistically different from the TLR and TSR ratios. In the Froeling et al study, the mean TLR of the NETs was 3.2 (min: 0.69, max: 23.1) versus 0.94 (min: 0.51, max: 1.5) in UP with a large overlap of values.[22] It should be noted that in our cohort, no UP had a superior uptake to the splenic SUV or splenic Ki that could make splenic uptake as a reference in visual and quantitative analyses to consider a pancreatic uptake as pathological.
One hypothesis could explain the very good performances of the different parameters of our study. Patients included in our cohort had an indication for a 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT for the evaluation of a well-differentiated NET with therefore expected elevated SUVmax values. If G3 NETs or neuroendocrine carcinoma had been included in our study, the performances would probably have been lower due to the likely higher overlap of values between pNETs and UPs. In this point of view, development of PET/CT acquisition with a dual-tracer simultaneous administration of 18FDG and 68Ga-DOTApeptides to assess high G2/G3 NETs or neuroendocrine carcinoma would be useful and could allow differentiating non-68Ga-DOTApeptides-avid NETs from Ups.[23]
The main limitations of our study are: a relatively small population; for ethic consideration, our gold standard does not use only histological data to confirm the diagnosis of pNET or UP.
Finally, it is important to note that our study is the first to evaluate whole-body dynamic and parametric 68Ga-DOTATOCPET/CT acquisition in NETs. This technique has no impact on the patient in terms of radiation exposure. Although our results do not show a significant difference between the 2 approaches, our dynamic acquisition allows the measurement of Ki on all other regions of the body included in the acquisition protocol with perspectives in terms of diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic evaluation in NETs. This would not be possible with dynamic single-bed acquisitions.[24] Furthermore, we are aware of the absence of a significant difference in performance between the SUV and Ki approaches in our study. However, the Ki approach will probably be more robust with more reproducible Ki values between different PET systems compared to the SUV approach which would allow defining more precise cut-off to differentiate UP from pNETs.
In conclusion, our study is the first study assessing the interest of a whole-body dynamic 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT acquisition to differentiate physiological uptake of the pancreatic uncinate process from pathological uptake. Our results suggest the excellent diagnostic performance of the Ki approach although its superiority over the standard SUV approach could not be established, even though the Ki approach contrast (TLR Ki) presented the best diagnostic accuracy. Further studies on a larger cohort including high-grade lesions are needed.
Author contributions
VK, PYS, RA are the guarantors of the paper.
PT, DB, NK, RA designed the study.
PT realized statistics.
PT drafted the manuscript.
PT, DB, RA did interpretation of data.
VK, PYS, RA, US, JPM, revised the manuscript for intellectual content.
All authors contributed in drawing up the manuscript.
Supplementary Material
Footnotes
Abbreviations: AUC = area under the curve, CT = computerized tomography, IU = indeterminate uptake, Ki = net influx rate, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, MTV = metabolic tumor volume, NET = neuroendocrine tumor, PET = positron emission tomography, PET/CT = positron emission tomography/computerized tomography, PET/MRI = positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, pNET = pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, ROC = Receiver Operating Characteristic, SUV = standardized uptake value, TLG = total lesion glycolysis, TLR = tumor-to-liver ratio, TSR = tumor-to-spleen ratio, TM/LM = tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmax, TM/Lm = tumor SUVmax to liver SUVmean, TM/SM = tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmax, TM/Sm = tumor SUVmax to spleen SUVmean, UP = pancreatic uncinate process, VOI = volume of interest, WBD = whole-body dynamic.
How to cite this article: Thuillier P, Bourhis D, Karakatsanis N, Schick U, Metges JP, Salaun PY, Kerlan V, Abgral R. Diagnostic performance of a whole-body dynamic 68GA-DOTATOC PET/CT acquisition to differentiate physiological uptake of pancreatic uncinate process from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Medicine. 2020;99:33(e20021).
This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
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