[Table 1].

Impact of pro-longevity interventions on the aging microbiome.

Pro-longevity intervention	Organism	Site	Effect on microbiome	Microbiome profiling	Reference
Calorie restriction	M. musculus	Gut	- Gut microbiota required for CR-induced weight loss - Significant increases in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium - Decreased B/F ratio	V4 16S V3-V4 16S	[83, 84, 219]
	R. norvegicus	Gut	- Increase of Lactobacillus - Increased B/F ratio - Changes in microbial SCFA production (Increased propionogenesis, decreased butyrogenesis and acetogenesis)	V4 16S Full length 16S Metaproteomics	[220, 221]
Dwarfism (Ames)	M. musculus	Gut	- Increased B/F ratio	V4 16S	[219]
Metformin	C. elegans	Gut (food source)	- Changes the E. coli metabolism of folate and methionine - E. coli required for longevity extension	N/A	[222]
	H. sapiens	Gut	- Increased E. coli abundance - Increased production of SCFAs	V4 16S Metagenomics	[223–225]
	M. musculus	Gut	- Increased B/F ratio- Increased abundance of Lactobacillus	V4 16S	[226]
Rapamycin	M. musculus	Oral	- Rejuvenation of the oral microbiome	V4 16S	[13]
	M. musculus	Gut	- Increased prevalence of segmented filamentous bacteria - Remodeling of specific OTUs - No change in B/F ratio - Renders microbiome more similar to that of HFD-treated mice	V4 16S Full length 16S (Sequencing and PhyloChip)	[227–229]
Resveratrol	M. musculus	Gut	- No change in B/F ratio - Reverses HFD-induced changes in bacterial abundances	Full length 16S	[229]
Mediterranean diet	H. sapiens	Gut	- Increased taxa associated to lower frailty in aged humans - Predicted increase in microbial SCFA production	V3-V4 16S	[230]
Acarbose	M. musculus	Gut	- Increased abundance in Muribaculaceae - Increase in microbial SCFAs, including propionate	V4 16S	[231]

HFD: High-fat diet

B/F: Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes