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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2020 Feb 20;124(1):80–91. doi: 10.1017/S0007114520000550

Table 2.

Associations between yogurt consumption and probiotic use with risk of colorectal polyps.

Case-Control Comparisons Case-Case Comparisons

No Polyp Controls Hyperplastic Polyps (HP) Adenomatous Polyps (AP) Sessile Serrated Polyps (SSP) AP vs. HP SSP vs. HP SSP vs. AP
n n OR (95% CI) n OR (95% CI) n OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study

Frequency of yogurt intakea
ALL
Never/Rarely 1581 268 1.00 (ref) 914 1.00 (ref) 108 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
Monthly Less than Weekly 591 82 1.01(0.76–1.35) 251 1.00(0.83–1.20) 28 0.82(0.51–1.31) 0.98(0.72–1.34) 0.81(0.48–1.37) 0.83(0.51–1.34)
Weekly Less than Daily 845 105 1.00(0.76–1.33) 290 0.92(0.77–1.10) 39 0.94(0.61–1.45) 0.92(0.68–1.24) 0.94(0.57–1.54) 1.02(0.65–1.60)
Daily 241 16 0.54(0.31–0.95) 81 0.93(0.69–1.25) 6 0.49 (0.19–1.24) 1.72(0.95–3.11) 0.90(0.31–2.61) 0.52(0.20–1.36)
Ptrend 0.23 0.37 0.26 0.56 0.73 0.45
MALES
Never/Rarely 1129 206 1.00 (ref) 754 1.00 (ref) 86 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
Monthly Less than Weekly 288 46 1.02(0.7–1.47) 150 0.95(0.75–1.21) 10 0.51(0.25–1.05) 0.94(0.64–1.38) 0.50(0.23–1.09) 0.53(0.26–1.11)
Weekly Less than Daily 286 43 1.04(0.71–1.53) 156 1.08(0.85–1.38) 16 1.03(0.57–1.86) 1.04(0.69–1.56) 0.99(0.51–1.93) 0.95(0.52–1.74)
Daily 77 4 0.28(0.09–0.91) 45 1.19(0.79–1.79) 3 0.71(0.21–2.37) 4.27(1.29–14.14) 2.54(0.49–13.2) 0.6(0.18–2.03)
Ptrend 0.32 0.41 0.55 0.16 0.97 0.37
FEMALES
Never/Rarely 452 62 1.00 (ref) 160 1.00 (ref) 22 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
Monthly Less than Weekly 303 36 1(0.63–1.6) 101 0.99(0.73–1.35) 18 1.29(0.64–2.59) 0.99(0.59–1.64) 1.28(0.57–2.88) 1.3(0.63–2.7)
Weekly Less than Daily 559 62 1(0.66–1.52) 134 0.73(0.55–0.98) 23 0.97(0.48–1.92) 0.73(0.46–1.17) 0.96(0.44–2.1) 1.32(0.64–2.71)
Daily 164 12 0.73(0.37–1.45) 36 0.68(0.44–1.06) 3 0.41(0.09–1.84) 0.93(0.43–2) 0.56(0.11–2.84) 0.6(0.13–2.81)
Ptrend 0.58 0.02 0.42 0.33 0.67 0.86
Daily amount of yogurt intakea
None/rarely 1581 268 1.00 (ref) 914 1.00 (ref) 108 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
>0 to 0.06 cups 559 75 0.99(0.74–1.34) 226 0.97(0.8–1.17) 22 0.75(0.46–1.24) 0.76(0.43–1.33) 1.25(0.77–2.03) 0.78(0.46–1.3)
0.07 to 0.20 cups 565 71 0.99(0.73–1.35) 204 0.92(0.75–1.12) 31 1.01(0.63–1.61) 1.01(0.60–1.73) 1.09(0.65–1.83) 1.10(0.68–1.79)
>0.20 cups 544 55 0.79(0.55–1.12) 189 0.98(0.79–1.22) 20 0.77(0.43–1.36) 0.98(0.51–1.87) 1.12(0.62–1.99) 0.78(0.44–1.41)
Ptrend 0.34 0.59 0.46 0.91 0.88 0.62

Johns Hopkins Biofilm Study

Frequency of yogurt intakeb
ALL
Does not eat yogurt/rarely 196 20 1.00 (ref) 139 1.00 (ref) 36 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
1 or more/month 110 14 1.45 (0.69–3.04) 72 1.00 (0.68–1.46) 25 1.29 (0.72–2.31) 0.68 (0.32–1.45) 0.89 (0.37–2.14) 1.32 (0.72–2.42)
1 or more/week 271 29 1.27 (0.68–2.39) 122 0.75 (0.54–1.04) 35 0.76 (0.44, 1.29) 0.60 (0.31–1.15) 0.60 (0.27–1.30) 1.00 (0.57–1.75)
Ptrend 0.51 0.08 0.27 0.13 0.19 1.00
MALES
Does not eat yogurt/rarely 106 9 1.00 (ref) 88 1.00 (ref) 21 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
1 or more/month 34 8 3.06 (1.06–8.84) 38 1.41 (0.80–2.49) 10 1.57 (0.65–3.77) 0.46 (0.16–1.33) 0.51 (0.15–1.81) 1.12 (0.47–2.69)
1 or more/week 93 12 2.13 (0.81–5.61) 50 0.71 (0.44–1.09) 13 0.75 (0.34–1.68) 0.33 (0.12–0.90) 0.35 (0.11–1.16) 1.06 (0.46–2.46)
Ptrend 0.11 0.20/ 0.54 0.03 0.09 0.87
FEMALES
Does not eat yogurt/rarely 90 11 1.00 (ref) 51 1.00 (ref) 15 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
1 or more/month 76 6 0.71 (0.24–2.07) 34 0.76 (0.44–1.32) 15 1.13 (0.50–2.55) 1.07 (0.35–3.29) 1.59 (0.45–5.64) 1.49 (0.62–3.58)
1 or more/week 178 17 0.77 (0.33–1.79) 72 0.74 (0.46–1.17) 22 0.73 (0.35–1.54) 0.96 (0.39–2.34) 0.95 (0.33–2.72) 0.99 (0.45–2.19)
Ptrend 0.57 0.21 0.35 0.91 0.85 0.90
Use of a probiotic supplementb

ALL
Yes 119 12 1.01 (0.51–2.00) 47 0.72 (0.49–1.06) 13 0.66 (0.34–1.24) 0.73 (0.35–1.52) 0.65 (0.27–1.57) 0.88 (0.44–1.74)
No 458 51 1.00 (ref) 286 1.00 (ref) 83 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
MALES
Yes 27 1 0.29 (0.04–2.27) 21 1.10 (0.58–2.09) 3 0.54 (0.15–1.92) 3.86 (0.48–31.0) 1.88 (0.18–20.0) 0.49 (0.14–1.78)
No 206 28 1.00 (ref) 155 1.00 (ref) 41 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
FEMALES
Yes 92 11 1.46 (0.66–3.23) 26 0.56 (0.34–0.92) 10 0.69 (0.32–1.48) 0.38 (0.16–0.92) 0.47 (0.17–1.34) 1.23 (0.53–2.86)
No 252 23 1.00 (ref) 131 1.00 (ref) 42 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
a

Adjusted for sex, study location, age, regular alcohol drinking status, BMI, smoking status, physical activity in the past 10 years, educational attainment, NSAID use, red meat intake, dietary energy intake, and frequency of non-yogurt dairy intake

b

Adjusted for sex, age, cigarette use (current/former/never), overweight (BMI less than or greater than 25 kg/m2), prior colon polyp (yes/no), history of cholecystectomy (yes/no), diabetes mellitus diagnosis (yes/no), hypertension diagnosis (yes/no), hyperlipidemia diagnosis (yes/no), physical activity (yes/no) and >10 alcohol drinks/week (yes/no)