(A) Autophagy markers including p62 and LC3-II protein in liver lysates were assessed by western blot and (B) normalized to HSC70. (C) Expression of mRNA for ER stress markers including Chop, Dr5, sXbp1, Bip and Atf4 genes in the liver was assessed by qRT-PCR and normalized to 18S rRNA. (D) Phospho-eIF2a and CHOP protein in liver lysates was assessed by western blot and (E) normalized to b-actin. Values represent means ± SEM. Values with different superscripts are significantly different from each other, n = 3–5, p <0.05, assessed by ANOVA. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FFC, high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR.