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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 29.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Metab. 2020 Jun 29;2(8):678–687. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0223-8

Figure 1. Exercise-induced adaptations to milk improve metabolic health and cardiac function in offspring.

Figure 1.

(a) Body weight over lifespan and (b) at 52 wks, (c)% fat mass, (d) glucose tolerance test (GTT) area under the curve (AUC), (e) fasting insulin, (f) insulin tolerance (ITT), and (g) ejection fraction in male cross-fostered offspring from high-fat fed Sedentary dams raised by high-fat fed Sedentary dams (SED-SED), high-fat fed Trained dams raised by high-fat fed Trained dams (TRAIN-TRAIN), high-fat fed Trained dams raised by high-fat fed Sedentary dams (TRAIN-SED), or high-fat fed Sedentary dams raised by high-fat fed Trained dams (SED-TRAIN). (h) Body weight over lifespan and (i) at 52 wks, (j) % fat mass, (k) GTT AUC, (l) fasting insulin, (m) ITT, and (n) ejection fraction in female cross-fostered offspring. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (for males, SED-SED n=12; TRAIN-TRAIN n=9; TRAIN-SED n=8; SED-TRAIN n=9 for Figures a-f; SED-SED n=8; TRAIN-TRAIN n=10; TRAIN-SED n=8; SED-TRAIN n=8 for Figure g. For females, SED-SED n=12; TRAIN-TRAIN n=8; TRAIN-SED n=12; SED-TRAIN n=10 for Figures h-m; SED-SED n=8; TRAIN-TRAIN n=9; TRAIN-SED n=8; SED-TRAIN n=9 for Figure n). Two-way ANOVA was used for a, d, f, h, k, and m with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests; one-way ANOVA was used for b, c, e, g, i, j, l, and n with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests. Asterisks represent differences between SED-SED and all other groups (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001); # represents differences between TRAIN-SED and SED-TRAIN; $ represents differences between TRAIN-TRAIN and SED-TRAIN ($P < 0.05).