Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Heart Failure, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2002–2015)
| Total | HF | No HF | P value | HFpEF | HFrEF | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6,507 | 319 (5%) | 6,188 (95%) | 135 (42%)* | 162 (51%)* | ||
| † Age, years | 62 (10) | 68 (9) | 62 (10) | <0.001 | 69 (9) | 67 (9) | 0.03 |
| < 65 years | 3,667 (56%) | 95 (30%) | 3,572 (58%) | <0.001 | 34 (25%) | 57 (35%) | 0.06 |
| ≥ 65 years | 2,840 (44%) | 224 (70%) | 2,616 (42%) | 101 (75%) | 105 (65%) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 3,065 (47%) | 191 (60%) | 2,874 (46%) | <0.001 | 66 (49%) | 112 (69%) | <0.001 |
| Women | 3,442 (53%) | 128 (40%) | 3,314 (54%) | 69 (51%) | 50 (31%) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 2,532 (39%) | 130 (41%) | 2,402 (39%) | 0.04 | 59 (44%) | 62 (38%) | 0.007 |
| Chinese American | 787 (12%) | 23 (7%) | 764 (12%) | 14 (10%) | 4 (2%) | ||
| Black | 1,757 (27%) | 96 (30%) | 1,661 (27%) | 33 (24%) | 61 (38%) | ||
| Hispanic | 1,431 (22%) | 70 (22%) | 1,361 (22%) | 29 (21%) | 35 (22%) | ||
| Education | |||||||
| ≥ bachelor’s degree | 2,304 (35%) | 96 (30%) | 2,208 (36%) | 0.04 | 42 (31%) | 47 (29%) | 0.69 |
| < bachelor’s degree | 4,203 (65%) | 223 (70%) | 3,980 (64%) | 93 (69%) | 115 (71%) | ||
| † BMI, kg/m2 | 28 (5) | 30 (6) | 28 (5) | <0.001 | 30 (6) | 29 (5) | 0.14 |
| Current smoker | 832 (13%) | 45 (14%) | 787 (13%) | 0.007 | 16 (12%) | 27 (17%) | 0.50 |
| Former smoker | 2,390 (37%) | 140(44%) | 2,250 (36%) | 62 (46%) | 70 (43%) | ||
| Never smoker | 3,285 (50%) | 134 (42%) | 3,151 (51%) | 57 (42%) | 65 (40%) | ||
| ‡ Pack-years of smoking if >0, median (IQI) | 17 (6–33) | 20 (7–38) | 16 (6–32) | 0.01 | 21 (7–46) | 18 (7–31) | 0.03 |
| ‡ Physical activity MET-minutes/week | 4,028 (1,985–7,530) | 3,540 (1,680–6,480) | 4,050 (1,995–7576) | 0.17 | 3,255 (2100–5,330) | 3,966 (1,680–7,943) | 0.23 |
| † Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 126 (22) | 138 (23) | 126 (21) | <0.001 | 139 (23) | 137 (23) | 0.54 |
| † eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2 | 78 (16) | 72 (19) | 78 (16) | <0.001 | 73 (18) | 71 (19) | 0.48 |
| † Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194 (35) | 190 (35) | 194 (35) | 0.05 | 189 (35) | 190 (37) | 0.88 |
| † HDL-C, mg/dL | 51 (15) | 48 (14) | 51 (15) | 0.001 | 50 (14) | 47 (13) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 810 (12%) | 91 (29%) | 719 (12%) | <0.001 | 36 (27%) | 45 (28%) | 0.97 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 2,405 (37%) | 188 (59%) | 2,217 (36%) | <0.001 | 80 (59%) | 93 (57%) | 0.75 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 1,065 (16%) | 61 (19%) | 1,004 (16%) | 0.17 | 23 (17%) | 34 (21%) | 0.39 |
| ‡ NT-proBNP | 53 (24, 107) | 117 (59, 251) | 51 (23, 102) | <0.001 | 117 (61, 232) | 125 (59, 269) | 0.28 |
| ‡ GlycA, μmol/L | 375 (337–419) | 389 (352–438) | 374 (337–419) | <0.001 | 393 (361–447) | 381 (345–427) | 0.01 |
| ‡ hsCRP, mg/L | 1.9 (0.8–4.2) | 2.5 (1.1–5.0) | 1.9 (0.8–4.1) | 0.003 | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) | 2.4 (1.2–4.6) | 0.13 |
| ‡ IL-6 pg/mL | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.5 (1.1–2.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.1–2.7) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.15 |
| ‡ Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 337 (295–388) | 352 (314–406) | 337 (294–387) | <0.001 | 349 (319–408) | 352 (303–402) | 0.38 |
Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6.
*
n=22 (7%) of HF cases were unknown subtype.
†
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables and as count (percentages) for categorical variables, unless otherwise specified
‡
Data are presented as median (IQI)