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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020 Jul 6;13(8):e008160. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.119.008160

Figure 5: Grad-CAM Heatmaps of trained CNN empirically detect AF features identified by experts with domain knowledge.

Figure 5:

(a) Input vector showing site of interest in AF in a 49-year-old female. The heatmap site in Conv 5 coincides with the precise location in the heart coded by experts as a site of rotation. (b) AF in a 63-year-old female with AF, showing two concurrent regions of interest. (c) AF in a 64-year-old man, showing 3 regions of interest. (d) AF in 74 year-old-female showing no region of interest. In each case, Grad-CAM heatmaps empirically identified tile regions identified by experts with physiological knowledge, although CNN were not explicitly trained in expert rules.