TABLE 1.

Review of published studies on azole resistance in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Study and year of publication	Country	Azole resistance rate at patient level	No. CF patients with A. fumigatus	No. A. fumigatus isolates in CF patients	Reported number of CF patients with A. fumigatus harboring a mutation of environmental origin	Reported number of CF patients with A. fumigatus harboring a mutation of non-environmental origin
Amorim et al., 2010	Portugal	0%*	11	159	None	None
Mortensen et al., 2011a	Denmark	4.5%	133	413	2/133 (1.5%) with TR34/L98H	4/133 (3%) one M220K, one Y4131C, one M220I and one non-CYP51A mutation
Burgel et al., 2012	France	4.6%	131	285	2/131 (1.5%) with TR34/L98H	4/131 (3.1%) one G54E, one M220I, one M220R and one non-CYP51A mutation
Morio et al., 2012	France	8%	50	85	3/50 (6%) with TR34/L98H	2/50 (4%) one M220T and one with TR34/L98H, G54R and M220T
Bader et al., 2013	Germany	5.5%**	na for cystic fibrosis	163	Three isolates with TR34/L98H***	One isolate with M220I, one isolate withF219C and four isolates with non-CYP51A mutations were also detected***
Fischer et al., 2014	Germany	3.4%	119	526	3/119 (2.5%). Three patients with TR34/L98H of which one with both TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A	1/119 (8.4%) with M220L
Garczewska et al., 2016	Poland	0%	na for A. fumigatus	67	None	None
Stevens et al., 2016	United States	7%**	28	30	na	na
Prigitano et al., 2017	Italy	0% and 8.2% at the two centers	220	423	7/220 (3.2%) with TR34/L98H	1/220 (0.5%) with F219I
Abdolrasouli et al., 2018	United Kingdom	13.3% overall and 16.2% in CF patients specifically	74	N/A for CF patients	5/74 (6.8%) with TR34/L98H	None
Güngör et al., 2018	Turkey	16.7%	6	31	None	1/6 (16.7%) non-CYP51A mutation
Guegan et al., 2018	France	15.2%	33	42	1/33 (3%) with TR34/L98H	4/33 (12.1%) one M220K, one G54R and two non-CYP51A mutations
Seufert et al., 2018	Germany	5.3%	961	2888	89 isolates TR34/L98H and one isolate with TR46/Y121F/T289A***	Seven G54E, one G54R, one F219S and two non-CYP51A mutations***
Engel et al., 2019	Netherlands	7.1%****	558	2652	5.2% with TR34/L98H and 1.4% with TR46/T289A/Y121F****	0.2% with M220 and 0.2% with G54W****
Lavergne et al., 2019	France	6.8%	88	126	4/88 (4.5%). Two with TR34/L98H, one with TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I and one with TR46/Y121F/T289A	2/88 (2.3%) one F46Y/M172V/N248T/D255E/E427K and one non-CYP51A mutation

CF: Cystic fibrosis. A. fumigatus: Aspergillus fumigatus na: Not available. *One patient had one isolate with MIC outside of the epidemiological cut-off of 0.25 μg/mL for posaconazole. **Azole resistance at isolate level in CF patients. ***The number of mutations per patient was not reported. ****Mean per year.