Figure 4.

Application of CAVE protocol to other bacteriophage species. (a) Comparison of wild type vs. mutant T7 bacteriophage (after 15 rounds of directed evolution), percent survival following 1-h incubation at 25 ${}^{\circ }$C and 60 ${}^{\circ }$C. (b) Mutation frequencies observed in the mutant gene pools of the T7 bacteriophage after 5, 10, and 15 rounds of directed evolution. (c) Comparison of mutation frequency indices at round 20 of CAVE application between bacteriophages T3 and T7. (d) Crystal structures of the assembled T7 tail complex (PDB ID = 6R21), with high mutagenesis proteins: head-to-tail joining protein, tail-tubular protein A, tail-tubular protein B (mutation sites colored in magenta). (e) Salmonella phages NBSal001 and NBSal002: comparison of wild type vs. mutant (after 15 rounds of directed evolution), percent survival following 1-h incubation at 25 ${}^{\circ }$C and 60 ${}^{\circ }$C.