Table 1.

Host-directed therapies that regulate host metabolism in TB.

HDT in glucose metabolism
Name	Target	Result	References
2-deoxyglucose	Hexokinase	Inhibition of glycolysis Suppression of IL-1β	(73, 112)
3-bromopyruvate	Hexokinase	Inhibition of glycolysis	(113)
Ritonavir	Glucose transporter	Inhibition of glycolysis	(114)
Dichloroacetate	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase	Inhibition of glycolysis	(115)
FX11	Lactate dehydrogenase	Inhibition of glycolysis Downregulation of cytokines and iNOS	(116)
TEPP46	Pyruvate kinase M2	Inhibition of HIF-1α Suppression of IL-1β	(80)
Rapamycin	mTOR	Inhibition of glycolysis Upregulation of antimicrobial effect	(117, 118)
Loperamide	mTOR	Inhibition of glycolysis Upregulation of antimicrobial effect	(119)
HDT in lipid metabolism
Metformin	AMP kinase	Increased fatty acid oxidation. Inhibition antibacterial activity Reduced gene of inflammation	(120, 121)
AICAR	AMP kinase	Increased antibacterial activity Induced mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism Inhibition of lipid synthesis	(122)
C75	Fatty acid synthase	Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis Reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress Switch M2 to M1 Downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasom	(123–125)
Cerulenin	Fatty acid synthase	Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis Downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome	(125)
GW9662	PPARγ	Modulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation and pathogenesis of bacteria	(95)
Sirtuins	PGC-1α	Inhibition of NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory response Upregulation of fatty acid oxidation and anti-inflammation	(76, 126–128)

HDT in glucose metabolism HDT in lipid metabolism.