Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jul 29;8:671. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00671

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2020 Sukumaran, Choi and Dasgupta.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Indirect transcriptional control by AMPK through metabolites of intermediary metabolism. (a) Intermediary metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids leads to the formation of acetyl-CoA. By regulating glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation AMPK may determine cellular acetyl-CoA levels. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) use acetyl-CoA to transfer acetyl group to nucleosomal histones. (b) α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase subunit E2 (α-KGDH) complex binds to lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A). α-KGDH synthesizes succinyl CoA locally and KAT2A succinylates histone H3 on lysine 79 (H3K79). AMPK regulates TCA cycle thereby may influence this process. (c) NAD generated in the mitochondrial electron transport chain acts as a cofactor for SIRT1 and SIRT6 which deacetylates histone H3K9/14 and H3K9/56, respectively. (d) α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), generated through TCA cycle acts as a cofactor for lysine demethylases (KDM) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. TETs oxidize 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine in genomic DNA to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) that is involved in epigenetic regulation. FAD generated in the mitochondrial electron transport chain acts as a cofactor for KDMs. (e) AMPK potentially regulates the hexosamine pathway by providing precursors. UDP-GlcNAc is derived from glycolysis and glutamine, the latter being generated by transamination of α ketoglutarate. O-GlcNAcyltransferase (OGT) transfers GlcNAc residues to various nuclear proteins including TETs and histone 2B (H2B), OCT4 and SOX2 to control transcription.