Table 1.
Association of respiratory viruses with mild to moderate equine asthma based on antigen and/or antibody detection.
| Virus | Year | Country | Population | Sample type | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAV | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No detection by qPCR | (118) |
| EIV | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No detection by qPCR | (118) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | BAL fluid | No detection by qPCR | (119) | |
| 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No detection by qPCR | (120) | |
| ERAV | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with poor performance | (118) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | BAL fluid | High seroprevalence titers | (119) | |
| 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No detection by qPCR | (120) | |
| TW | No association with equine asthma | |||||
| ERBV | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with poor performance | (118) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | BAL fluid | No association with equine asthma | (119) | |
| 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with equine asthma | (120) | |
| Tracheal wash | Detection by qPCR in horses with cough | |||||
| EHV-1/-4 | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with poor performance | (118) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | BAL fluid | No detection by qPCR | (119) | |
| 2016 | French | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No association with equine asthma | (120) | |
| EHV-2 | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with poor performance | (121) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | Nasal secretions | Detection associated with equine asthma | (119) | |
| 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with equine asthma | (120) | |
| Tracheal wash | Detection by qPCR in horses with cough excessive tracheal mucus | |||||
| EHV-5 | 2015 | Sweden | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions | No association with poor performance | (121) |
| 2015 | USA | Adult horses | BAL fluid | No association with equine asthma | (119) | |
| 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No association with equine asthma | (120) | |
| ECoV | 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No detection by qPCR | (120) |
| EAdV-1 | 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No association with equine asthma | (120) |
| EAdV-2 | 2016 | France | Standardbred trotters | Nasal secretions TW | No detection by qPCR | (120) |
BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; EAV, equine arteritis virus; EAdV, equine adenovirus; NS, nasal secretions; PP, poor performance; STBD, Standardbred; TW, tracheal wash.