Table 3.

Relevant literature related to challenges in internal organisation, demand, management, and decision making.

Author (Year)	(Health) Emergency	Findings
Adams and Stewart [42]	Hurricane	Provides a comprehensive account of police work after a major disaster, suggesting new partnerships with other policing authorities, new communication sources, and changes to pre-disaster protocols as best practices.
Alison et al. [43]	Training exercises	Explores the decision making of experts during critical incidents.
Bienstock and Zenteno Langle [44]	Epidemic	Presents methodologies for managing the impact on workforce absenteeism on the operational continuity of public services during an epidemic.
Brito et al. [45]	Epidemic	Presents a detailed list of benchmarks for developing a law enforcement pandemic flu plan.
Brooks and Lopez [2]	COVID-19	Discusses new challenges for law enforcement agencies presented by COVID-19 and presents recommendations for fulfilling public safety functions during the pandemic.
Chirambwi [46]	Ebola	Analyses the militarisation of policing during the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone.
Cowan and Davis [47]	Disease	Explores the dangers of an outbreak of an infectious disease amongst police recruits, providing recommendations for strengthening public health and prevention aspects.
Deflem and Sutphin [48]	Hurricane	Reviews the policing experience before, during, and after Hurricane Katrina.
Flavin [49]	HIV/AIDS	Examines police officers' fear and risk of occupational HIV transmission and individual and departmental responses to this fear. The study stresses the importance of policy and education to reduce fear and risk and to ensure compassionate and fair treatment of people with HIV/AIDS.
Gellert et al. [50]	HIV/AIDS	Explores the knowledge and training police officers have about HIV/AIDS and finds that more diligent training is required to reduce the occupational hazard for officers.
Hoffman [51]	Ebola	Discusses quarantine measures after the Ebola outbreak in Liberia and ramifications of the transference of policing powers to the military and other partner agencies.
Jessop et al. [52]	Hepatitis	Examines infection prevention policies and practices amongst police departments and recommends better reporting to improve such policies.
Jones et al. [3]	COVID-19	Provides an overview over initial evidence on the possible impact of COVID-19 on police demand.
Landahl and Cox [53]	No specific emergency	Explores the human component of emergency response, finding that in many instances it has been neglected and suggesting a shift in preparedness efforts to focus on the underlying conditions that impact emergency responders' willingness to work.
Luna et al. [54]	Epidemic	Explores case studies and presents a list of recommendations and best practices for police planning for flu pandemics.
Ochieng [55]	HIV/AIDS	Analyses how the performance of police officers is affected by HIV/AIDS.
Richards [56]	General	Provides recommendations for police planning for public health emergencies.
Rojek and Smith Michael [44]	Hurricane	Looks at response efforts by the police department after Hurricane Katrina for organisational learning during disaster management.
Roman [57]	Hurricane	Provides a comprehensive review of the acute and lasting impact of Hurricane Katrina on the criminal justice system of New Orleans.
Riley [58]	Hurricane	Testimony of the former superintendent of the New Orleans Police Department before the US Senate. Highlighting the hardships, the department and individual officers faced.
Sonder et al. [59]	Disease	Evaluates the level of occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses in the Amsterdam Police Force, finding that a comprehensive and effective protocol should be instated to minimise exposure.
Walton and Falkner [60]	COVID-19	Explores crime trends and effects on police during the COVID-19 pandemic.