Table 4.

Relevant literature related to communication and collaboration between different agencies.

Author (Year)	(Health) Emergency	Findings
Andersson and Lindström [61]	Training exercises	Explores collaboration during an emergency training exercise, finding that boundaries were often along institutional lines.
Arklay [62]	Flooding	Compares institutional and leadership differences within emergency services between two disasters.
Berlin and Carlström [63]	Multiple	Examines learning during collaboration exercises, suggesting that challenges to collaboration are present in all multi-agency environments.
Brito et al. [64]	General	Grey Literature. A guide for how to communicate (inter-agency and with communities) during public health emergencies.
Carter and Rip [65]	General	Discusses information sharing practices between law enforcement and public health bodies in the United States, coming to the conclusion that efforts have been helpful but fall short of creating tangible mechanisms.
Covello et al. [66]	Epidemic/Pathogen release	Applies risk communication models to the West Nile virus epidemic in New York City in 1999 and 2000, providing practical information on how perceptions of risk and communication challenges can be best managed.
Davis [67]	Multiple	Discusses challenges for crisis support teams in the UK and provides insights into collaboration between different agencies to formulate adequate crisis response.
Fortier and Volk [68]	Hurricane	Explores the need for defining requirements for components of ad-hoc coalitions formed during disaster response.
Gbla [69]	Ebola	Discusses the manifestation of hybrid security governance in practice, considering constrains and analysing the sustainability.
House et al. [70]	General	Presents a review of the literature on multi-agency interoperability during emergencies, finding that hierarchical command structures may inhibit effective decision making, and recommending decentralised approaches to crisis management.
Kapucu et al. [71]	General	Presents a review of the literature, discussing collaborative emergency management and emphasising the effective use of resources in collaborative networks.
Kristiansen et al. [72]	Training exercises	Compares perceived collaboration between different emergency response agencies during an exercise and a crisis, finding that collaboration was more evident during incidents than exercises.
Power [73]	Multiple	Focuses on how emergency teams operate in high-risk and complex environments for disaster management, offering a row of solutions and suggestions for better teamwork.
Sharma and Hossain [74]	Multiple	Examines the scope of collaboration between law enforcement agencies and public health institutions during and after emergencies, providing a list of recommendations for improvement.
Steigenberger [75]	Multiple	Presents a review of empirical studies on the multi-agency coordination of disaster response operations.
Waring et al. [76]	Training exercises	Presents naturalistic observations conducted during two large-scale live disaster response exercises, finding that participants frequently either revert to gathering information rather than progressing to take action, or take action without deliberately considering options, powers, and policies to form a plan.
Wolbers et al. [77]	Multiple	Analyses the coordination between agencies and organisations for emergency management (inter-organisational coordination), showing the development of effective methods of communication and collaboration.