Table 1.
Parsing neurodevelopmental features of irritability and anxiety: Replication and validation of a latent variable approach
| Sample characteristics Characteristics M (SD) or No. (%) |
Total sample |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic group1 | ||||||
| ADHD | ANX | DMDD | HV | Omnibus Sig | ||
| Demographic variables | ||||||
| N | 331 | 39 (11.78%) | 95 (28.92%) | 70 (20.78%) | 127 (38.55%) | |
| Age (years) | 13.56 (2.68) | 13.66 (2.70)ab | 12.86 (2.88)a | 13.79 (2.69)ab | 13.92 (2.88)b | F (3, 327) = 3.14, p = .03 |
| Sex (male) | 152 (45.92%) | 27 (69.23%)a | 34 (35.42%)b | 42 (60.87%)a | 49 (38.28%)b | χ2 (3) = 20.80, p < .001 |
| IQ | 112.02 (12.56) | 113.10 (10.69) | 113.45 (14.18) | 110.79 (13.58) | 111.28 (11.14) | F (3, 327) = 0.88, p = .45 |
| Clinical variables | ||||||
| Symptom ratings | ||||||
| ARI parent report | 2.95 (3.42) | 3.21 (3.24)a | 3.36 (3.22)a | 6.60 (2.95)b | 0.55 (1.25)c | F (3, 327) = 84.46, p < .001 |
| ARI youth report | 2.31 (2.70) | 2.79 (2.67)a | 2.21 (2.32)ab | 4.04 (3.18)b | 1.03 (1.79)c | F (3, 327) = 24.34, p < .001 |
| SCARED parent report | 16.33 (15.68) | 11.73 (12.78)3 | 30.29 (12.66)b | 22.63 (14.66)3 | 3.81 (4.86)c | F (3, 327) = 117.18, p < .001 |
| SCARED youth report | 17.48 (14.28) | 13.99 (9.74)a | 29.14 (13.85)b | 19.26 (14.65)c | 8.84 (7.83)d | F (3, 327) = 56.99, p < .001 |
| CDI youth report2 | 7.38 (7.49) | 6.19 (5.52)ac | 10.99 (8.24)b | 9.92 (8.55)bc | 3.70 (4.46)a | F (3, 321) = 45.82, p < .001 |
| Medications3 | ||||||
| SSRI | 35 (10.57%) | 5 (12.82%)a | 0 (0%)b | 26 (37.14%)c | 0 (0%)b | p < .0014 |
| Stimulant | 52 (15.71%) | 19 (48.72%)a | 0 (0%)b | 30 (42.86%)a | 0 (0%)b | p < .0014 |
| SGA | 11 (3.32%) | 1 (2.56%)a | 0 (0%)a | 8 (11.43%)b | 0 (0%)a | p < .0014 |
| AED | 18 (5.44%) | 0 (0%)a | 0 (0%)a | 18 (25.71%)b | 0 (0%)a | p < .0014 |
Note: Cells marked with different superscript letters indicate significant group differences across diagnostic groups. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ANX, primary anxiety disorder. DMDD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. HV, healthy volunteer. ARI, Affective Reactivity Index. SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders. CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory. SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. SGA, second-generation antipsychotic. AED, antiepileptic drugs.
Primary diagnosis refers to the diagnosis for which the participant was referred. Participants could have multiple diagnoses in addition to their primary diagnosis.
CDI scores were missing for six participants (4 ANX and 2 HV).
Percentage of participants taking each medication type is reported. Participants could be taking more than one type of medication.
Omnibus significance calculated using Freeman Halton Test.